Resistance of bacterial to antimicrobial agents The WritePass Journal

Resistance of bacterial to antimicrobial agents Introduction Resistance of bacterial to antimicrobial agents IntroductionBeta- lactamase  Mutation at the target sitesEnzymatic modification Efflux of antibiotics from the cell by pumpAcquired Resistance by alternate metabolic pathwaysTreatment of superbugsConclusion  ReferenceRelated Introduction Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a global problem in the treatment of bacterial infection. Bacterial resistance is a mechanism by which bacterial are able to overcome antibiotic meant to destroy or kill them, these bacterial multiply to cause disease in humans figure 1 (Patrick, 2003) Figure1 the non antimicrobial resistance and non antimicrobial resistance Although the most resistant bacterium can be inhibited or destroyed by using a high concentration of antibiotic, subjects on the other hand may not be able to bear the high concentration of antibacterial agents that may be required treat some bacterial infection or disease.   Bacterial species differ in their susceptibility to an antibiotic or antibiotics.   For instance some strains of Streptococcus pneumonia in Britain are inhibited by 0.01mg/l of benzyl penicillin thus the minimum inhibitory concentration, and that of Escherichia coli, a dose 32-64mg/l is needed to inhibit the growth or kill the bacterial but this becomes highly toxic to the human body cannot manage. This opens the view of clinical resistance, which is based on the on effect antibiotics on humans and misuse of antibiotics. Clinical resistance is therefore a process by which the type of infecting pathogenic bacterium, its point of attachment in the body, the distribution of antimicrobial in the body, its concen tration at site of infection and the immune status of the subject interact(Gerard,2011). Bacterium uses enzymes, efflux pump, gene, helix ring as well as plasmid to defend itself or to develop resistant to antibiotics. (figure2) Figure 2 structure of a resistant bacterium Beta- lactamase Beta-lactams are of copies penicillin, a large group of antibiotics that are made up of all the antibiotic agents with a four ring in their molecular structure. The bacterial cell wall serves as a protective tool for the bacterial against any foreign substances such as antibacterial agents, from entering inside the bacterial to destroy its internal protective structures. The beta-lactam antibiotic works by blocking the cell wall synthesis of the bacterial. Douglas (2002), but bacterial develop resistance to beta lactam by attacking the four ring structure shown in blue in figure of the beta-lactam through an enzymatic reactions (figure1). Bacterial produce beta lactamase enzyme to breaks the beta-lactam ring of the antibiotic and makes the antibiotic ineffective to block the bacterial cell wall synthesis and hence a resistance to the antibiotic (Miller et al., 2004). Figure3 structure of beta-lactam (www.users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/Biology/pages/A/Antibiotics)   Mutation at the target sites Some antibiotics such as Streptomycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 16SrRNA and blocks the   function of the ribosome but   bacterial changes the 16SrRNA gene and limit the attraction of streptomycin to the 16S molecule bacterial mutate and acquire a new DNA. In imipenem resistant, Pseudomonosa aerugeninosa, lack the specific D2 porin and imipenem cannot break through the cell. Changing the main site of action may change the drug target in that antibiotic may enter the cell but may miss the target and may not be able to bind, the antibiotic may not be metabolised. This makes the antibiotic inactive in the bacteria and as result the bacterial develop tolerance (Springer et al., 2001). Enzymatic modification Ciprofloxacin act together with an enzyme gyrase to block its enzymatic action.   An alteration in each the gene that is gyraseA or gyraseB would change the molecular arrangement of the gyrase and as such limit the binding affinity of the enzyme for ciprofloxacin. It therefore prevents the antibiotic from blocking the gyrase and this process enables the bacteria cell more resistant to the antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) (Gerard, 2005) Efflux of antibiotics from the cell by pump Other bacterial such as the Escherichia coli create a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) outflow pump gives the bacterial with resistance to antibiotics such as tetracycline, erythromycin or nalidic acid.   The pump drives out the antibiotic from the cytoplasm of the bacterial cell and allows the bacterial to maintain the intracellular levels below the toxic or lethal concentration  Ã‚   The MAR pump is made of proteins MarA and MarB, whose production is blocked by the controlling protein Mar. Poole (2000) These changes get rid of the suppression control of Mar and leads to much production of the Mar A and B efflux pump. The bacterial cell wall is able to get rid of higher concentrations of antimicrobial agents and as such become resistant to the antibiotic (Cohen et al., 1988). Acquired Resistance by alternate metabolic pathways Resistance in bacteria may be acquired when a bacterium is been exposed to antibiotic for a long period of time for example vancomycin resistance in Escherichia coli. This may be by mutation or by gaining a new DNA. Plasmids are copying pieces portion of DNA, slighter than the bacteria genome which programme their transfer by copying into another bacterial strain. These bacteria may then carry and transfer resistance gene which as part of the DNA.Viruses that infects bacterial bacteriophages can pass on resistance, especially in staphylococcus, DNA is released when bacterial dead bacterial is taken up by a viable bacterial and this is possibly route for the spread of penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumonia. Bacterial possesses range of biochemical genetic systems for warranting the progression and diffusion of antibiotic resistance. Genes can appear by rapid transformation (Penrose, 1998). ‘Superbugs’ are used to describe a bacterium or microorganism that is able to resistant more than one or more commonly used antibiotics. Bacteria resistance to antibiotics are grouped according to the type of antimicrobial agent that they resist. The most common groups are: MRSA (Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to mithescilin ) VRE (Entrococcus species resistant to vancomycin);   these type of bacteria live in the bowel   and usually cause infection such as pneumonia, heart or wound in subjects with weak immune system or subjects with chronic disease such as diabetes. PRSP (Streptococcus pneumoniae strains resistant to penicillin); ESBLs (Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria resistant to cephalosporin and Monobactams) (Gerard, 2011) Treatment of superbugs MRSA is a type of Staphylococcus aureus has develops a resistant to antibacterial activity of methicillin and the other penicillins Staphylococcus aureus may cause infection in the blood or on the skin disease such. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide that is effective for the treatment of MRSA. It is hard and large molecule that blocks the last step of bacterial cell wall synthesis through hydrogen bonds with D-alanyl-D-alamine end of the peptodoglycan (PDG) side chains(Reynolds,1989)). Subjects infected with   MRSA are treated with   vancomycin but very painful through the intramuscular route and a rapid administration into the veins may cause an allergic reaction called the red-man syndrome, therefore a   slow infusion   of 50mk/kg is given two times daily for 7 days.   Daptomycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic that has been approved by the American food and drug Administration for the treatment of MRSA, VRE and PSBP. It binds irreversibly to the bacteria cell membrane and depo larise it and more Potassium ions move out of the cell to create an inbalance of the ion-concentration gradient.   Currently, Daptomycin shows no cross-resistance. A dose of 4-6mg/kg is administered once daily for 7 days. It is not metabolised in the liver. Daptomycin interacts with the HMG-6A reductase inhibitors such as statin. Nausea, constipation and headache are the main side effects associated with the use of Daptomycin. Quinupristin was well used in the year 2000 for the treatment of hospital acquired infection. Quinupristin main function was to interfere with both the early and the last phase of bacterial protein synthesis but the major problem was that it has to required slow infusion for a large volume fluid just as vancomycin   and as such could only be used for inpatients   subjects(Despoina and Jordi,2006)). Dancer, an oral Streptogramin has been was developed and out 53 subjects 39 were successfully cured of MRSA infection. A new glycopeptide, MDL63246 with a sim ilar mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics as vancomycin is under early stages of development and would be more effective at lower dosages than vancomycin and less side effects. (Franz-Joseph and Mark, 1997) A new approach for VRE treatment is the blocking of oxazoliddines from flowing out of the bacterial cell and broad spectrum pumps of Gram negative bacterial is being studied for future treatment of VRE. (Livermore, 2003).Linezolid belongs to the oxazolinones class of antibiotics and it binds to the 50S ribosomal segment and blocks bacterial protein synthesis. can be administered intravenously or orally .Through the oral administration, a subject is given 600mg two times daily for 10-14 days and 600mg 30-120 minutes twice   daily for one week for intravenous route. Moxifloxacin is a drug of choice for the treatment of PRSP It work by inhibiting DNA synthesis by enhancing cleavage of DNA of the bacterial DNA enzyme complex of the DNA gyrase and type IV topoisomerase figure. The dose regime is based on the type of infection, for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis a 400mg of Moxifloxacin is given daily for 10 days and 400mg daily dose of Moxifloxacin for 7-14 days is used treat community acquired pneumonia by Streptococcus sp. Figure3 the mechanism of action of Fluoroquinolones (www.mecriticalcare,net/downloads/Dcourse/AntimicrobialAgents Tigecycline is currently used to treat ESBPLs treat Gram negative enteric rod such as E. coli and Gram negative bacilli such as the Pseudomonas spp. Tigecycline interfere with the bacterial protein synthesis by attaching to the 30S of the ribosomal subunit and this 100mg load dose is given initially and 50mg subsequent dose of every 12 hours is administered for seven days (figure3). (Wunderink et al., 2003) Figure3 Tigecycline binding to Ribosome 30S subunit   at:www.mecritcalcare.net/AntimicrobialAgent.    Conclusion Bacteria or microbes are constantly reproducing at a faster and becoming resistant to antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial resistance is a global crisis new and more potent antibiotics would have to be developed to overcome the problem of antibiotic resistance. Identification of natural products and knowing their biosynthesis from the bacterial source would enable scientist to find well defined antibiotic structures to that could kill or destroy all kinds of bacterial. Scientist may target ribose DNA, RNA or the peptodoglycan.   Reference Brumfit, W.and Hamilton-Miller, J. (1989)   Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Eng J Med 320:1188-1196 Cohen, S.P., McMurry, L.M. and Levy, S.B. (1988) marA locus causes decreased expression of OmpF porin in multiple-antibiotic-resistant (Mar) mutants of Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 170:5416-5422 Despoina, K.and Jordi, R. (2006) Hospital –acquired pneumonia in the 21st century: a review of existing treatment options and their impact on patient care. Expert Opin.Pharmacother 7 🙠 12) 1555-1569 Douglas, N.F. (2002)   Extended-Interval Dosing of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics in critically ill patients. Journal of Pharmacy Practice15:85-95 Franz-Joseph, S.and Mark, E.J. (1997) Antibiotics for treatment of infections caused by MRSA and elimination of MRSA carriage: What are the choices? International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 9:1-19 Gerald, D.W. (2005)   Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: Enzymatic degradation and of   modification. Advance Drug Delivery Reviews 57:1451-1470 Gerald, D.W. (2011)   Molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance. Chem.Commun. 47:4055-4061 Livermore, D.M. (2003) Linezolid in vitro mechanism and Antimicrobial spectrum. Journal of Antimicrobial chemotherapy 51:9-16 Miller,C.,Thomsen,C.G.,Mosseri,H.I. and Cohen,S.N.(2004)   SOS response induction by ÃŽ ²-lactams and bacterial defence against antibiotic lethality. Science 305:1629-1631 Patrick, F.M.D (2003) Antimicrobials: Modes of Action and mechanism of resistance. International Journal of Toxicology 22:135-143 Penrose, E. (1998)   Bacterial resistance to antibiotics-a case of unnatural selection. Creation research Society Quarterly 35:76-83 Peter, N.B. and Morris, J.B (2008) Clinical Pharmacology.edn 10.Churchil Livinstone.london Poole, K.(2000) Efflux-mediated resistance to Floroquinolones in-gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44:2877-3884 Reynolds, P.E. (1989)   Structure, biochemistry and mechanism of action of glycopeptide antibiotics.EurJ.clin Micr infection.Dis 8:943-950 SpringerB.,Kidan,Y.P.,Prammananan,K.E.,Bottger,E.C. and Sander,P.(2001)   Mechanism of streptomycin resistance: selection of mutation in the 16S rRNA gene conferring resistance . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45:2877-2884 ww w.web-books.com/MoBio/free/ch8A.htm www.mecriticalcare,net/downloads/Dcourse/AntimicrobialAgents www.users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/Biology/Pages/A/Antibiotic

Social Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Social Construction - Essay Example These concepts were connected to Greek and Roman mythology. Greek mythology believed in the fact that geographical aspects played a big role in the different people’s physical appearance (Bond 96). They also believed that mankind’s dispositions and forms corresponded to country of origin’s nature. Thus, people from temperate climates were sluggish and unsuitable for labour while those from extreme climates were vigilant, industrious, and sharp. Roman mythology, on the other hand, stereotyped ethnic groups according to characteristics. An example was the intelligence and craftiness of the Egyptians and the effeminist and unwarlike nature of the Syrians. They used this to prove the existence of a God, since not all this could be spontaneous. Unlike the English colonies, Spanish America always was a society that was racially mixed. The early conquerors were men, as were the settlers and the Spanish priests. Apart from possibly the priests, the men were in need of female companionship, and this led to intermarriage becoming a Spanish American life staple (Burr 67). Among Spanish officials of high standing, families and wives were common, but not for the rest of the population of colonialists. This led to a rise of mestizos, or population of mixed race. These mestizos soon became the largest numerical proportion of America’s population. While some of the intermingling and intermarriage was forced, some was voluntary. As the population grew a caste, system was institutionalized classifying people according to the proportion of Indian blood that they had. For centuries, the Spanish had followed laws called the purity of blood, via which public office aspirants, as well as those brought in front of an inquisition, were asked to prove their Christian ancestry as far as 10 generations back (Burr 67). The mestizos were stopped from assuming most offices, as well

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Economic - Essay Example This has caused increase in demand for Iron-ore to carry out the firms production and produce the resulting output. Price is derived by the crossing of supply and demand. (Figure 3) The resultant market price is dependent upon both of these basic components of a market. A transaction of goods or services will occur when so ever buyers and sellers can agree on a certain price. When a transaction occurs, the agreed upon price is called the "market clearing price† or "equilibrium price". As the population of China has grown, the demand for minerals and metals has risen. This has pushed the price of iron ore (and complementary products) up and also spurred the development of iron, accelerating the quantity of iron supplied as well. We can see the demand increase in Figure 1 below, that represents an increase in the demand of iron-ore. In the figure, supply and demand have been short formed as S and D. Demand begins at D1 and is moves to D2 provided that supply remains the same. We see that the equilibrium price even increases from p1 to p2, and the quantity moves from q1 to q2. The figure clearly shows that increase in demand for iron ore would clearly cause an increase in price. As the quantity of iron ore increases so would the resultant price provided supply remains constant. In order to meet the increasing demand the quantity of iron ore production would even have to be increased. An increase in supply results about from a decrease in the marginal cost as like the marginal cost of production. As a result, an increased in production is represented by a line to the right on the supply and demand graph. The effects of an increase in production are illustrated in Figure 2. The supply line goes from S1 to S2 that represents a lesser marginal cost. Moreover in this case, the quantity also rises from q1 to q2 and price falls from p1to p2. As the demand of

Georges Braque And Pablo Picasso Essay Example for Free

Georges Braque And Pablo Picasso Essay The Frenchman Georges Braque (1882-1963) and the Spaniard Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) are considered the most influential artists of the twentieth century and the artistic geniuses who created and developed the cubist movement, undoubtedly the most revolutionary one in Western art. During a certain period of time, both artists worked together in the same studio breaking down subjects they painted into several facets and presenting their different aspects at the same time, experimenting with geometrical forms, and exploring unconventional techniques in painting all of which either shocked or impressed and interested the audience. Although Braque and Picasso’s partnership did not last for long and their artistic careers later went their own ways, the cubist movement they created and developed while working side by side in their Paris studio has influenced the whole generations of artists around the world (Mataev). Georges Braque Born in 1882 in Argenteuil-sur-Seine, France, Georges Braque attended the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Le Havre during 1897-1899 and then moved to Paris where he received his craftsman certificate. During 1902-1904, the young artist studied painting and worked at the Academie Humbert. Impressed by Matisse and Derain’s fauvist ideas, he produced and then presented his first fauve paintings in Paris’ Salon des Independants in 1907. By 1908, however, Braque lost interest in fauvism and adopted the artistic style that would be later called cubism (Georges Braque). In 1909, Braque started to work with Pablo Picasso and their fruitful partnership resulted in the development of the revolutionary cubist movement in painting. The styles that both of them adopted were quite similar for about two years during which they introduced collage elements into their works and experimented a lot with the pasted paper technique. In â€Å"Page # 2† his paintings, Braque explored the effects of light and perspective and challenged traditional artistic conventions of that time. His works of this period were characterized by neutral color and sophisticated patterns of form as it can be seen, for example, in his â€Å"Violin and Pitcher† (Georges Braque). The fertile partnership with Picasso ended in 1914 when Braque enrolled in the French army and went off to war. In 1915, he got severely wounded in one of the battles and after recovering in 1917 Braque resumed painting and began an artistic collaboration with Juan Gris (Georges Braque). After World War I, Braque’s style was characterized by more freedom, a richer color range, and the presence of human figures. He produced a considerable number of still lifes and rose to prominence particularly in 1922 after showing his paintings in the Salon d’Automne in Paris. By 1930, Braque interpreted nature more realistically although some aspects of the cubist style were still present in his paintings. After that, the artist produced many works including sculptures and graphics that became particularly somber during World War II (Georges Braque). During the 1950s, Braque depicted various themes including seascapes, landscapes, birds, and also made lithographs and designed jewelry. The great French artist died in August, 1963, in Paris after several years of suffering from health deterioration. Braque’s most known paintings include â€Å"Violin and Palette†, â€Å"Piano and Guitar†, â€Å"Guitar and Clarinet†, â€Å"The Table†, â€Å"The Round Table†, â€Å"The Day†, the â€Å"Studio† series, and many other works (Russell, 1982). Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso was born in 1881 in Malaga, Spain, where he lived until the age of ten. In 1892, Picasso began to attend the School of Fine Arts in La Coruna and then in 1895 he â€Å"Page # 3† entered the School of Fine Arts in Barcelona where he showed his first academic work â€Å"The First Communion† at a local exhibition. Picasso pursued his studies at the Royal Academy of San Fernando in Madrid, dropped out after only a couple of months, and began to visit the Prado where he copied the works of the old artists trying to imitate their styles. In 1900, Picasso opened a studio in Paris and the first painting he produced there was â€Å"Le Moulin de la Galette† (Mataev). Suicide committed by his friend and poet Casagemas in 1901 came as a great shock to Picasso influencing him to paint first the â€Å"Death of Casagemas† in color and then the â€Å"Death of Casagemas† in blue, and also â€Å"Evocation – the Burial of Casagemas†. At that period, the artist used predominantly green and blue and depicted despair, poverty, and unhappiness showing his restlessness and loneliness. The paintings that Picasso produced during 1901-1904 are known as the Blue Period works. The Rose Period, which was the next stage in his artistic career, started around 1905 when Picasso’s palette became lighter, and pink, rose, yellow, and beige were pervasive in his paintings in which he mostly portrayed graceful acrobats, circus performers, and harlequins. (Mataev; Pablo Picasso) Impressed with African ethnic art, Picasso began to combine its angular structures and his modern ideas about geometrical forms which, in 1907, resulted in the creation of â€Å"Les demoiselles d’Avignon†, his first cubist painting. Picasso and his new friend Braque explored the possibilities of the new artistic style and in the beginning their paintings could not be easily distinguished. 1909 saw the beginning of the painter’s analytical cubism whose main characteristics, faceted stereo-metric shapes, can be seen in his â€Å"Bread and Fruit Dish on a Table† or â€Å"Woman with Pears†. After the exhaustion of analytical cubism, Picasso experimented with collages which lead to the arrival of synthetic cubism: works with large, schematic patterns as it can be seen in â€Å"The Guitar† (Mataev; Hughes, 1998). â€Å"Page # 4† After the cubist period in Picasso’ artistic career came the Classicist period with rather traditional patterns such as in â€Å"The Lovers†. But during this period he occasionally returned to cubism and in 1921 produced â€Å"Three Musicians†, one of his most important masterpieces. Picasso’s classicist paintings also include â€Å"The Pipes of Pan†, â€Å"Women Running on the Beach†, and â€Å"The Seated Harlequin†. After that, Picasso was greatly influenced by the surrealist movement and produced â€Å"His Woman with Flower† and several other interesting paintings. In 1937, he expressed his personal view of the tragic events in the Basque province that was bombed by Germans in his huge mural work â€Å"Guernica† and in â€Å"Weeping Woman†. While living in his villa near Cannes, in 1956 Picasso painted his â€Å"Studio â€Å"La Californie† at Cannes† and â€Å"Jackeline in the Studio†. Then he moved to the Chateau Vauvenargues where he lived and painted until his death in 1973 (Mataev). â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† and â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† Both Pablo Picasso’s painting â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† and Georges Braque’s painting â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† were produced in 1924 in France and are now located in the European Modern Paintings section of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Both works are still lifes with the presence of cubist elements, are painted in oils on canvas, and each of them represents a certain stage in Picasso and Braque’s artistic careers. If during 1909-1914 both artists worked side by side to create cubism and their styles and paintings were mostly indistinguishable, in 1924, however, when the above mentioned works were produced, the divergence in Picasso and Braque’s cubist ideas could be easily seen in their paintings (Mataev). While Picasso’s still life â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† is composed of only man-made objects (a cake, a fruit bowl, a bottle, and a mandolin), Braque’s painting â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† depicts both man-made (a pipe, a jug, sheet music, a cup, a fruit bowl, and a guitar) and natural (pears placed next to sheet music and in the fruit bowl) â€Å"Page # 5† objects. The presence of musical instruments and fruit bowls in both paintings invokes some common themes or at least it makes the viewers think of them when they look at them for the first time. The main objects in both paintings are placed on tablecloths spread in a different manner on what appears to be tables. The objects in Braque’s picture are much smaller than those in Picasso’s work in which the size of some of them is somewhat disproportionate when compared to other objects. Braque and Picasso use space in their paintings in an entirely different way. There is quite a bit of space between the objects located in the foreground of Picasso’s still life and the viewer can easily see their whole forms. By contrast, in Braque’s paintings the objects in the foreground seem to be concentrated closely to each other in one place and parts of some of them are hidden by other objects. The use of space by Picasso gives the audience the impression of more freedom and ease while Braque seems to impose certain limits in movement and space. In Picasso’s painting, the viewer’s attention is first attracted by the main four objects in the foreground, and then by the objects and forms located in the background, particularly by what appears to be a wall and part of a window. By contrast, it seems that Braque’s intention is to concentrate the viewer’s attention only on the objects that can be seen in the foreground. He does not provide any detail as to what is in the background as though he does not want to divert the audience’s attention from the center of interest of the painting. Another important difference between the paintings as far as the objects and their forms are concerned is that Braque’s work is much more realistic than Picasso’s. Except for the window in the background, Picasso seems to depict in his picture not the objects such as the cake or fruit bowl but rather the shapes that invoke those objects. What attracts the â€Å"Page # 6† viewer’s attention in particular is the flatness of the forms of Picasso’s objects that are defined by lines. Although some parts and forms of his objects are disproportionate, Braque’s objects, however, are unambiguous and closer to reality. The use of color is another important characteristic that distinguishes Picasso’s painting from Braque’s work. In Picasso’s â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† bright and vivid colors are predominant and much brighter and richer than those in Braque’s â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† conveying to the viewer a light and pleasant mood. By contrast, the somber aspect of Braque’s painting whose color range varies from dark brown to dark beige makes the viewer impressed with its gloom and sadness. In Picasso’s picture, the general color range of objects in the foreground is slightly more somber compared to the color range in the background. By contrast, in Braque’s work, the relatively somber objects in the foreground are placed against an even darker background. The only bright-colored objects in this picture seem to be sheet music and a pipe appearing incongruous to a certain extent against the backdrop of its general color range. Another distinctive characteristic is the color of the objects themselves. Except for the window in the background, the color of most objects in Picasso’s painting is plain, for example, a plain dark red bottle, a plain bright yellow fruit bowl, and so on. Braque, by contrast, adds to the color of every object thick brush-strokes of black as if to emphasize the somber mood of the painting. There is also some difference in how the artists paint the objects in the pictures with their brushes. In Picasso’s â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† the paint is applied thinly in most areas, although in some places it is quite thick. In â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† Braque’s bold brushwork is pervasive. REFERENCES: 1. Georges Braque. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. mcs. csuhayward. edu/~malek/Braque. html 2. Hughes, R. (1998, June 8). Pablo Picasso. Time magazine. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. time. com/time/time100/artists/profile/picasso. html 3. Mataev, Y. Pablo Picasso. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. abcgallery. com/P/picasso/picassobio. html#Between 4. Pablo Picasso. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. artchive. com/artchive/P/picasso. html 5. Russell, J. (1982, January 17). Rediscovering Georges Braque in his Centenary Year. New York Times on the Web. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=990DE5DB1138F934A25752C0A964948260sec=spon=pagewanted=all

The Significance of Sacrifice in Buddhist Practice :: Religion

The Significance of Sacrifice in Buddhist Practice The self-immolation of Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc at a busy intersection in Saigon on June 11, 1963 utterly shocked most Americans who could not fathom why a person would commit such a horrific act. Without trying to explore any feasible explanations within this man’s religion, many decided that he was probably just a fanatic who wanted to make a political statement in the most appalling manner possible. Was that the case? Was Quang Duc simply a political activist pushed to the limit, or was he acting with motivation derived from his religion? To answer this question, one must evaluate the function of sacrifice within the Buddhist tradition. As with many religions, Buddhism offers its practitioners the opportunity for different levels of involvement on the spiritual path towards enlightenment. This spectrum of involvement ranges from one who practices with minimal sacrifice primarily to achieve personal spiritual gain to one who sacrifices his or her life with the hope of benefiting all of humanity. Furthermore, as a person moves along this spectrum from little to great sacrifice, one also harbors a growing commitment to the spiritual welfare of all sentient beings. As the kinds of practice and sacrifice are explained for different levels of involvement in the religion, it will become clear that the relative commitment to help others directly correlates to the stage of practice and sacrifice. Additionally, an intriguing comparison will be made between these concepts within Buddhism and very similar concepts with the Jewish tradition of mystical or contemplative death. Basics of Buddhism When exploring the specific function of sacrifice within Buddhism, it will be necessary to understand some of the fundamental beliefs that lay the groundwork for the religion as a whole. The Buddha was an actual historical figure who lived around 350 BCE in northern India. After his own spiritual awakening, he taught four basic lessons about the nature of life. The Four Noble Truths state 1) that life is qualified by suffering 2) that suffering has a cause 3) that there can be an end to suffering 4) that there is a path describing how to end suffering [1] In further explanation, the cause of suffering is attachment to objects or feelings which are ultimately impermanent. If one does not learn how to overcome such attachment, one will forever be limited to the cycle of rebirth, or reincarnation, called samsara.

Dekalb County School System teaching Essay

Fourteen years in the Dekalb County School System teaching special education makes Dr. Monica ReVonda Ellerbe a strong believer in the value of parents’ involvement in the education of their children, especially in the elementary years. â€Å"The home has to be an extension of school, in a way that parents have to be aware of what their children are being taught on a daily basis, so there would be less discipline referrals on the part of their teachers,† Ellerbe says. Her doctorate in Education, Curriculum and Instruction from Argosy University in Sarasota, Florida was secured after having formalized and documented how learning in some American schools is made more effective due to the intervention of students’ parents, since such familial attention can address discipline concerns. Ellerbe, who obtained a bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Saint Augustine’s College in North Carolina and an M. A. in Behavioral Disorders from the Clark Atlanta University, also believes that parents’ and teachers’ role is not only to provide knowledge to children, but to point out opportunities for them to develop themselves. Parents, after all, are students’ first and lifelong teachers. As the mother of Chandler Myers Ellerbe, the daughter of loving parents John and Dorothy, and an education specialist, Monica definitely walks the talk. â€Å"Even with several feathers in my cap, my role in the family is what I most take pride in,† she says. â€Å"But I think my knowledge in education permeates in all aspects of my life. † As a holistic educator, however, Ellerbe does not limit her academic interests in behavior and parental involvement. She has also received certifications in ESOL endorsement, gifted endorsement, language arts, mathematics and social science. She is also involved in several professional organizations namely Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, National Education Association (NEA), Georgia Association of Educators (GAE), Organization of Dekalb Educators (ODE), Georgia Association of Gifted Children (GAGC) and Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). #

Business Plan Essay examples - 606 Words

Describe the type of business you have created including: a. the product or service, and general staffing plan. Provide a rationale for your plan. b. The form of your business and the benefits it offers your particular business, c. A chart of accounts specific to your business, including a rationale as to the selection of each account. (Note: The chart of accounts is a blueprint of your business for the lender/investor. It should report the expected resources that you will consume in your business (assets), the sources of those resources (liabilities and equity), the sources of revenue, and expenditures that you expect to incur to earn those revenues. You may build a detailed chart that includes business units, divisions, product†¦show more content†¦Chris Forte chose to be a sole proprietor because sole proprietorships are mainly one-owner businesses. Chris Forte can close it, sell it or pass it down to his heirs at any time. A sole proprietor pays taxes as a part of his individual income tax filing. The costs of obtaining a license for sole proprietors are substantially less than those for corporations. Start-up costs for sole proprietorships are very low. The Startup cost for Shear Perfection Unisex Salon will consists of the cost of the building (23,000) five salon stations, five master barber chairs, each station requires a salon chair, cabinet, and a large mirror, shampoo bowl and a floor mat, five sit under dryers will be located in the rear of the salon. All other miscellaneous items such as curling irons, electric razor, several pairs of scissors, spray bottle, assorted combs and brushes all employees are expected to provide for themselves. Shampoo bowls and floor mats. Located in the front of the salon will be a desk for the receptionist, along with a computer for sales and booking appointments ,three couches for reception area and two flat screen televisions to entertain our clients. Located in the back of the salon will be an office for management with a computer for accountant purpose with a printer. Description Cost Building Total Cost of Building 23,000 Equipment Total Amount of Equipment 4,723 Furniture Cost to Furnish Salon 9,753Show MoreRelatedBusiness Plan For A Business Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbrand-new business, expand an existing company, or get financing for a business venture, you will need to write a business plan. A business plan not only lends your business a sense of credibility, but also helps you to cover all your bases, increasing your chances of success. Although writing a business plan can be a lengthy, intimidating project, it is not necessarily difficult. Here is an overview of how to write a successful business plan. What to Include in Your Business Plan Your businessRead MoreBusiness Plan For A New Venture1355 Words   |  6 PagesA business plan can be used for beginning a new business, to create a more profitable business or for consideration of new services and ideas. A business plan is a written document that gives details on a business idea or venture and present the outlook of the business over a number of years. This plan will guide the business project management and operations, assist in vital decisions and measure performance. There are many types of business plans and not one of them is considered a universal planRead MoreEssay about Creating a Business Plan1119 Words   |  5 Pagesyou must have guidelines, so to speak, to know where you are heading in the future. That is why before you can start a business you need to draw up a detailed business plan. Business plans are considered blueprints. A business plan is what is needed to get your business off the ground and to attract potential investors. A business plan is way to show that you are in the business to make money. Introduce the company and the product/service idea for the new venture. Triple S Night Club is a new companyRead MoreBusiness Plan For An Casual Dining Mexican Restaurant1804 Words   |  8 PagesThe critical analysis essay is based on the business plan of an upcoming casual dining Mexican restaurant in an upmarket locality of Benowa Gardens, Gold Coast, Queensland. The restaurant is called Burrito Bar, which specialises in modern Mexican food along with alcoholic drinks and operates on a franchising model. The business plan was made by one Mr.Paddu for the purpose of procuring a bank loan/private funding to kick-start the project. The business plan follows the general format used in the restaurant/hospitalityRead MoreRenee Business Plan5082 Words   |  21 PagesBusiness Plan for a Startup Business The business plan consists of a narrative and several financial worksheets. The narrative template is the body of the business plan. It contains more than 150 questions divided into several sections. Work through the sections in any order that you want, except for the Executive Summary, which should be done last. Skip any questions that do not apply to your type of business. When you are finished writing your first draft, you’ll have a collection of small essaysRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business1546 Words   |  7 Pagesenterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative or risk†. They are usually characterized as people with greatly valued self-reliance, with high optimism and people who who strive for distinction through excellence. I am interested in starting my own basketball business and becoming an entrepreneur. In order to start a business I need a business plan. From research, I have learned that my business plan needs to have an executive summary, identification of my business, financial recordsRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business840 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Business plans are statement of a business goals, reason they are attainable and plans on meeting it’ (FoxBuisness, 2013). A business plan maps the course and gives a detail plan on how these goals are achievable. It is also important to establish a solid business plan for funding. Some small business use venture capital, bank loans, personal funds, and private investors as sources of funding. The business plan must therefore, sell investors. A well-written convincing business plan can buy investorsRead MoreBusiness Plan1439 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Plan What is Blueberry Nights? Type: bar and restaurant for young people Category: II. class Service method: plate service Menu type: A’la Carte Opening hours: Sunday to Wednesday 10:00-22:00 Thursday to Saturday 13:00-05:00 No day off Target market: students, tourists and residents Location: Budapest, Margit kà ¶rà ºt Few steps from Margaret Island Easy to reach by tram Seating capacity: 120 (80+40) 1st floor: kitchen area, 80 seated restaurant, bar, armchairsRead Morebusiness plan5494 Words   |  22 Pagesbecause we as a young generation that want to open new shop sold the â€Å"Keropok Leko†. OBJECTIVE OF THE ORGANIZATION Every business opportunity begins with the existence of various customers needs and wants for particular product or service. A need is something that is basic in life such as food, clothes and shelter. Therefore, our companies take these advantages and venture a business based on food industries. Our main activity is to manufacture keropok lekor that is made from fish paste, flour, and saltsRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business1866 Words   |  8 Pages Business Plan Buiness model in theory and practice according to Wikipedia is used for a broad range of informal and forma l descriptions to represent the core aspects of a business, including the purposes of that business, its process, target customers, of ferings, strategies , infrastructure, organizational structures, trading practice, and operational processes and policies . Below, we would look at two kinds of business model (franchise and tradition al business) , their pros and cons, o r their