Psychic ability :: essays papers

Psychic abilityAbstractThe purpose of this study was to prove that the human mind has telepathic ability. To prove this, the topics were asked to guess the suit of distributively card from a standard playing deck. The subjects were tested in a cozy, quiet environment inside their house. The first data recorded were the percentage of cards the subjects would randomly guess right. There are 52 cards in a deck and thirteen of each suit, so that would give someone a 13 out of 52 chance of merely guessing right or one-fourth. During the test, the subjects were instructed to take time and concentrate before giving an answer. The idea was that if the subject concentrated hard enough, the suit of the card would be revealed by the psychic ability of the mind. The results of the study showed that telepathic ability just might be a reality Psychic ability has been a subject that has interested me every since I saw the movie Maverick. In the movie, the main character, vie by Mel Gibs on, believes that if he thinks of a card and concentrates hard enough then he will draw that card. He starts out thinking of the card he needs. The character played by Gibson thinks long and hard to the point of almost exhaustion. He then draws the card, hoping that the card he is thinking of will be the card he draws. It never quite works out for him because I believe that he is not concentrating hard enough. At the end of the movie, however, when he is in the finals of a poker tournament, he tries it again. This time, his mind is in the zone, and it works.I have never been one to believe in telepathy, but one time I tried to give it a chance. One time, I was home alone and extremely bored, so I decided to try out what I had learned from Maverick. I was alone in my room, and I sat and thought about the ace of spades for what seemed like fifteen minutes. Concentrating and thinking only of the ace of spades, I drew a card and held it so I couldnt see it. I said to myself, o ver and over again, this is the ace of spades.

Music Essay -- Filmmakers, Diegetic Sounds

Music plays a critical role in the autobiography films as it is important proficiency that film put onrs use to support the narrative and influence the way that the beauty interacts, responds and interprets the events as they unfold. The godfather, which is one of all time Hollywood movies, represents a good use of practice of medicine that succeeded in supporting the dramatic events that take place in the movie. Moreover, both diegetic and non-diegetic music in the godfather movie are apply to achieve the overall exercise by using the different principles and functions of film music that range from setting the mood of the viewer to providing continuity within the movie. In this essay, we will take percentage of the godfather movie in which we can observe and analyse the role of the music in the film (003052- 003552)In the beginning of the clip (03052), as the dissolve take us from the previous scene where ,Mr. Woltz , a wealthy studio head, refused angrily the request of fa ther Vito Corleone to cast Johnny Fontane in one of his movies, the dissolve take us to the next scene where we see Mr. Woltzs house from outside. As the dissolve takes place, a diegetic sound of night insects are perceive and even before the next scene comes up on screen. The diegetic sound of night insects provides continuity between the first and the second scene and carry the viewer across a temporal ellipsis of hours (003049-003053) . Moreover, the night insects sound in the next scene (003053-003100) suggests the approach of night and the calmness in Mr. Woltzs house and that to show the difference between the beginning and the end of the scene (003053-003100). Then, as the shot gets closer to the window of Mr. Woltzs bedroom (003103), a non-diegetic music of th... ...(003250-003318) . Then, the scene goes back to don Corleone as he listens to Tom Hegan talks about Sollozo. Suddenly, Don Corleons asks Tom Hegan about Sollozos prison record and then non-diegetic music ru ns focusing our attention on the interesting discussion they have about Sollozo and the decision they should make regarding co-operating with Sollozo.(03319-003411)In conclusion, music role in the selected clip from the godfather represents a great use of both diegetic sounds and non-diegetic music that help the viewer of the narrative film to illustrate and interpret the dramatic events as they unfold. Moreover, Setting the mood, providing continuity between scenes and intensifying rhythm and pacing were the principle functions of film music that were used in the selected clip to achieve the overall goal of the use of music in the scenes. .

How I Chose my Career of Business Essay -- career, business,

Often times, I cant help that wonder what my biography would be like if I havent been exposed to the world of parentage a wonderful career that changed my life completely. I have taken invade in business career because I love calculating numbers and interacting with people But most importantly, my fascination in business came from my grandfather. He taught me many an(prenominal) valuable tips on how to be a successful person, and most veritablely how to run a business. He was not only a successful businessman, but also a respected individual. One of the businesses that he owned was a company called Wu Long Tea Factory. The main thing that they produce is teatime of course, but they also have products such as cakes, candies, and all kinds of stuff. By being the production managers assistant of this company, I was able to inhabit everything that was going on in the factory. Even though that was the background I grew up in, my biggest fascination wasnt in being a manager in a fac tory it was the finance part that got me all excited. Often times I can even see myself sitting in my office and do on clients financial profiles and statements. I also took extra math classes and participated in many of the competitions in order to prepare myself to succeed in this particular field. another(prenominal) things that I also did to get me well prepared are joining school activities, applying internships, and having jobs. I believe that all my hard work depart allowance off, when I see myself as a successful businessman.I grew up in a low-income family with a father that has rheumatoid arthritis in other words, my life was full of hardships. Being the oldest child of the two, I had a lot of responsibilities I have to carry upon my shoulder. My father is an individual who is f... ...ed younger kids by tutoring them on certain subjects or just spending time playing with them. The hobbies I do gave me a sense of enjoyment and satisfaction.By attending New York Univers ity, since it has one of the finest business programs, I believe I will become even more successful, both academically and socially. I have enthusiasm and ambition, plus having good leaders skills, being a hard worker, and having great social networking skills. After going through a childhood with a rheumatoid arthritis father, and coming to a external country where I had knew very little of its language, I would and strive for and participate in any learning opportunities. I know that I am fudge for the upcoming challenges and tasks. I strongly believe that no matter what kind of ordeals people will face, as long as they have the heart and will to do it right, they will succeed.

Hamlet Essay :: essays research papers

Death can be harsh. Death can be punishing. Death can be for the most, sad. As most people see death, it engages tough and hard emotions to their minds. Most dont understand that death should be celebrated. They believe that once they scare they never see them again. This idea that death is the end, has haunted the human life for all of eternity. Death brings cold thoughts to a person, which makes them miserable. The passing away of a pricey person, can be extremely dangerous through the diametric ideas and attitudes that come with death. This is what came to be in the play Hamlet. The characters put their emotion into death and some of the different out puts toward death were surprising. Throughout Hamlet, the attitudes toward death are astonishing between the characters the Ghost, Claudius, and Hamlet.The ghost had an obvious approach towards death. For instance, when he visited Hamlet telling him how he was murdered, he states, Doomed...till the foul crimes done in my days ar e burnt and purged away. (Iv15-18) Suppressed by death, the Ghost entangle abhorrence of the harsh evilness that he had to go through. He also showed his anger for the process of passing away, and deaths backstabbing ways. In addition, when he explained to Hamlet his murder, he exclaims, ...by a brothers hand of life, of crown, of queen at once dispatched...O horrible, O horrible, most horrible(Iv81-87) Here, the ghost implied that he loved life, and tells how easily death, in general, can bring you down to an all time low emotional state. An analogy to prove this is that the ghost felt his life was complete, so in the analogy he is sit down around a room with all of his goods around him. Then a glass box falls on top of him and he cannot have his goods anymore, although he can see them all and want them so much. There is no doubt that the feelings of death of the ghost were quite low and hated.King Claudius had an uncertain trance on what he thought death of. For example, after the king sees the play, he admits that he killed Hamlets father for, My crown, mine own ambition, and my queen. (IIIiii59) Claudius felt that death was his only way to power, and power, to him, was like being a god. He just saw death as a little spec in the way, thus meaning he believes deceasing isnt that big of a deal.

Leonardo da Vinci :: essays research papers

Leonardo da Vinci, perhaps the crackingest man in history, invented thousands of thingsincluding the helicopter, tank and portable bridge. Leonardo was not only an inventor,but a sculptor, an artisan and an couturier. He was born 1452 in the small town of Vinci,in Tus dopey. His father was a wealthy notary and his m other a peasant woman. In themid 1460s the family move to Florence here he was given the best education Florencecould offer. He advanced rapidly socially and intellectually . He was very handsome anda bewitching musician. About 1482 Leonardo entered the service of the duke of Milan. Due to a recommendationstating that he could build portable bridges and knew techniques in constructing canons,ships and catapults as well as other weapons. He served as principle engineer in thedukes military projects. In 1502 Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, duke ofRomagna. He served as Cesares chief architect and engineer. Leonardo supervised workon the fortresses of the papal territories in central Italy. In 1506 Leonardo went to Milanagain at the summons of its French governor Charles dAmboise. For the next six yearshe divided his time between Milan and Florence. He still continued his engineeringprojects and worked on a figure for a monument to a commander of the French forces inthe city. Although Leonardo produced a small number of paintings he was an influent artist. TheMona Lisa, his most famous work, is a great example of two techniques sfumato andchiaroscuro of which he was one of the first great masters. Because none of Leonardossculptural projects were brought to completion, his approach to three dimensional art canonly be judged by his drawings. As a scientist he towered over his generation.

Leonardo da Vinci :: essays research papers

Leonardo da Vinci, perhaps the greatest man in history, invented thousands of thingsincluding the helicopter, tank and portable bridge. Leonardo was not nevertheless an inventor,but a sculptor, an artist and an architect. He was born 1452 in the small town of Vinci,in Tuscany. His father was a wealthy notary and his mother a niggard woman. In themid 1460s the family moved to Florence here he was given the best education Florencecould offer. He advanced rapidly socially and intellectually . He was genuinely handsome anda fine musician. About 1482 Leonardo entered the service of the duke of Milan. Due to a recommendationstating that he could build portable bridges and knew techniques in constructing canons,ships and catapults as well as other weapons. He served as principle engineer in thedukes military projects. In 1502 Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, duke ofRomagna. He served as Cesares chief architect and engineer. Leonardo supervised workon the fortresses of the papal territories in central Italy. In 1506 Leonardo went to Milanagain at the summons of its French governor Charles dAmboise. For the next six yearshe divided his time between Milan and Florence. He still continued his engineeringprojects and worked on a figure for a monument to a commander of the French forces inthe city. Although Leonardo produced a small number of paintings he was an influent artist. TheMona Lisa, his near famous work, is a great example of two techniques sfumato andchiaroscuro of which he was one of the first great masters. Because none of Leonardossculptural projects were brought to completion, his approach to 3 dimensional art canonly be judged by his drawings. As a scientist he towered over his generation.

Mouse movement and keyboard skills Essay

This again applied to visual basic having used it in my standard grade course I could clear the potential. Better than UniComal, I could see I could do to a greater extent with it, it was more exploiter friendly, just now just not what I was looking for. 3. Using macromedia Authorware was my ideal choice. Having browsed through the package I was surprised how user friendly it was. Although I could see it was going to take a lot of age to familiarise myself with it. If time had tot eitheryowed me I would for certain have tried authorware. It had seemed perfect for my application I could include sound, a scoreboard, link up were automatic and its potential was amazing4. For time in allowance and teaching I have decided to go along with this idea. My suggestion is to carry come out how I would uniform my software to go on a Power situation presentation. This will not only(prenominal) allow me to have a prototype of what I initially would have liked my final piece to look li ke but will also show links and documentation. In Power Point I will be able to use colour, sound and graphics, out of reach in the likes of UniComal and Visual Basic. This makes it more appealing to young users. As I already have an extensive knowledge of Power Point I will only have to refresh this. However, in reference to 1., Users will have to have access to a multimedia computer. My suggestions to go along with the fourth part option are feasible as there is sufficient technology available it is economically feasible as everything that I need as already assessable. Software Design Opening rogue The opening page to my project will be a general introduction. Basically its purpose is to give the links to the activities and also to the parental page. The main characters for the whole project will first appear here. In an ideal word I would have liked for him to emit as well as the words be on the screen as children may not be able to read them. Opening Page Design1. usher Ope ning Screen (Time Hold 10 Seconds) 2. Enter choice 2. 1 IF choice = Mouse faeces Open Mouse causa IF choice = Keyboard Skills Open Keyboard Skills IF choice = Parental Information Open Parental Information END IF END IF END IF Mouse Movement The mouse calculate screen will be very colourful. As it is the first activity a good impression must be made to encourage the user to continue using the software. The first screen will be Daffy Duck describing the game and telling the user what to do. This will be on a time hold for ten seconds to allow the user to read the information before automatically progressing forward.This is also beneficial as the whole point in the exercise is to learn how to use the mouse, therefore I dont wont the user to have to click to enter the page. The following exercise would therefore be pointless if the user already knew how to do this. The screen will only move on if the correct colour is selected. If the defile colour is selected, a emphasise again screen will appear and a time hold will apply before moving acantha to the previous screen. If the correct colour is selected hence a well-done screen will appear, a time hold and then a progression on to the next colour.Once all the colours have been completed a closing screen will appear. This will have a small scenery of the main character and then will automatically go back to the opening page. Mouse Movement Design 1. give Mouse Movement Screen (Time Hold 10 Seconds) 2. order Blue screen 3. Enter choice 3. 1 IF choice = Blue fate Well Done ELSE confront Try Again (Previous page) END IF 4. turn up Yellow screen 5. Enter choice 5. 1 IF choice = Yellow essay Well Done ELSE Show Try Again (Previous page) END IF 6. Show Red screen 7. Enter choice 7. 1 IF choice = Red Show Well Done ELSE Show Try Again (Previous page) END IF 8. Show Green screen 9.Enter choice 9. 1 IF choice = Green Show Well Done ELSE Show Try Again (Previous page) END IF 10. Show Pink screen 11. Enter choi ce 11. 1 IF choice = Pink Show Well Done ELSE Show Try Again (Previous page) END IF 12. Show resolution screen (Time Hold 10 Seconds) 13. Show Opening Page Keyboard Skills Keyboard skills will take the same form as Mouse Movements only evidently it will describe the keyboard skills activity. The same process will take place the screen will only move on if the correct word is typed. If the wrong word is typed, a try again screen will appear and a time hold will apply before moving back to the previous screen.If the correct word is typed then a well-done screen will appear, a time hold and then a progression on to the next word. Once all the words have been completed a closing screen will appear. This will have a small picture of the main character and then will automatically go back to the opening page. Keyboard Skills Design 1. Show Keyboard Skills Page (Time Hold 10 Seconds) 2. Show cover Page 3. Enter word 3. 1 IF word = Cake Show Well Done ELSE Show Try Again (Previous page) E ND IF 4. Show swelling page 5. Enter word 5. 1 IF word = Ball Show Well Done ELSE Show Try Again (Previous page) END IF 6. Show orchard apple tree page 7. Enter word 7. 1 IF word = AppleShow Well Done ELSE Show Try Again (Previous page) END IF 8. Show squall page 9. Enter word 9. 1 IF word = Telephone Show Well Done ELSE Show Try Again (Previous page) END IF 10. Show umbrella page 11. Enter word 11. 1 IF word = Umbrella Show Well Done ELSE Show Try Again (Previous page) END IF 12. Show Closing Screen (Time hold 10 seconds) 13. Show Opening Page Parental Page The parental page is a word document, basically the user guide. 1. Show Parental Page (time hold 10 seconds) 2. Open Word document Parental Page 3. IF closed show Opening Page END IF insure Plan The basic data flow diagram represents a logical plan for the project.Screen Demonstrations Mouse Movement opening page Mouse Movement (Yellow) Implementing and Testing Some time was spent at the beginning of the new school year looki ng into the project, since then, up until now this is it just being started. With only two teaching periods a week at was difficult to get the project off the ground. Initially I had plans to use Macromedia Authorware to carry out my project, but since I have been left with a mere two weeks to complete all the project and write up I have decided that a prototype presentation on Microsoft Power Point would basically have to do. ImplementingImplementation of the solution started in mid April. Due to the time blockade shortcuts were taken to enable me to complete the project. Implementation was fairly straight forward as it merely consisted of creating the designed pages on the screen. I had big plans, and am gutted at having to reduce these for my final piece. I have a great imagination and love experimenting to see what looks and works best. I had already drawn out all my page layouts. I then basically had to enter this into the computer. I changed my design slightly and decided to have an opening page for every separate activity.I went through each activity systematically inserting slide after slide. After one activitys slides were all designed on the computer I had to put all the links into the slides. These take the form of Action Settings and are available through right clicking on the object that you wish the link to go from. Sound was then recorded too using a computer microphone. This again was inserted using the action settings. The characters and pictures that appear on the screen were all lofty from the Internet, and copy and pasted on to my presentation.All images were found from www. google. com in the image section. Link from the home page to each separate activity is going to be done through separate presentations that will be linked together. This will save confusion over one large single presentation. Once all the pages were entered and suitable images entered, sound recorded and links on it was time to check if everything was running smoothly . Having checked the run of the presentation a few times I could see that this was indeed going to be the most difficult part of the project.As with everything nothing ever does run perfectly. My links were dysfunctional. When Well Done was displayed, instead of continuing to the next screen my presentation was jumping to Try Again then indeed stopping running at all. Due to the nature of the software, no test data as such was employed. However a dry run-through is needed from different circumstances and retorts. EG correct answer chosen, wrong answer chosen, to ensure that I had fixed the presentation from wandering through unnecessary slides. Problems EncounteredI have been lucky that I have not hit umpteen major problems and although the presentation is far from finished I can see that it is a matter of following the routine I have been doing, testing as I go along so as not to have progressive mistakes. My main problem as you can tell has been time. Everything has been rather rushed. I had great plans at the beginning and was not prepared to concentrate on one area only but to try hard to do everything. This has been a disaster. For the time it has taken to write the report has left me nearly no time to neither concentrate on the actual presentation nor study for the exam.As I worked with Power Point it is fairly idiot proof any mistakes I made were easy to fix. My links will work with a small(a) time and effort. Testing Once all link testing is complete I will a variety of users to try the software. These will include experienced computer users, older beginner users and also two five year olds (relatives). This will allow me to see how different people react to the software. Paying more attention to the five year olds I shall ask them to undertake the tasks above (1-3), to validate the criteria. There are three main questions I would ask to see if the solution is valid.

The Tax Research Process

The Tax Research Process The overriding purpose of appraise interrogation is to find out solutions to the mea accredited income problems of 1s customers or employer. The process is similar to that of traditionalistic legal inquiry. The detective must find chest, evaluate the utilitarianness of that potentiality, and apply the results of the research to a particular(prenominal) situation. One flock identify ii essential levy research skills * The first is using certain mechanical techniques to identify and locate the tax regimen that relate to solving a problem. * The second entails a combination of reasoning and creativity and is more difficult to learn.A detective must begin with native acquaintance and imagination and add training and experience properly to apply the in establishment found. Creativity is necessary to explore the relevant relationships among the circumstances and problems at hand to find a satisfying (and defensible) solution. In many cases, no legal self-confidence exists that is directly on point for the problem. If such a situation comes up, the researcher must combine seemingly unrelated facts, ideas (including those that he or she has derived from previous research work), and legal authority to arrive at a truly novel conclusion.This originative ability of the researcher often spells the difference between success and failure in the research process. Outline of Tax Research Process As the tax problems of the lymph node become more significant, the related tax research can become time-consuming and, thus, expensive to the client. A moderate tax research problem often takes up to eight or ten hours of research time, and the bill for these services whitethorn cuddle or even exceed $2,000. Because of the costs that ar involved, the tax researcher must work as efficiently as possible to obtain the solution to the clients problem.The researcher needs a framework for the research process, so that he or she does non w aste time and effort in arriving at a solution to the problem. The tax research process can be broken down into six study notes. Tax researchers (especi anyy those without a great amount of experience at the task) must approach the resolution of a tax problem in a structured manner, so that the analysis of the problem will be thorough and the solution complete. metre 1 Establish the Facts Before a researcher can analyze the tax consequences of a accomplishment, he or she must understand the transaction itself.Specifically, the researcher should discuss the particular propositions of the transaction with the client to ascertain the clients motivation. What are the clients business or financial objectives in projection the transaction? What does the client foresee as the desired outcome? What risks has the client identified? By asking these types of questions, the researcher gets to be more acquainted with the non-tax features of the transactions. break down All the Facts The r esearcher must discover all the facts concerning the clients transaction.Like a tenderspaper reporter, the researcher should question the client about the precise who, when, where, why, and how of the transaction. The researcher should not assume that the clients initial summary of the transaction is factually accurate and complete. Perhaps the client hasn t determined all the facts that the researcher needs. Or the client may have discounted the significance of certain facts and omitted them from the initial summary. The researcher should encourage the client to be objective in stating the facts.Often, a client unwittingly presents the researcher with the clients subjective conclusions about the facts rather than with the facts themselves. Impact of Clients Tax Knowledge When a researcher is works with a client to uncover the relevant facts, the researcher must take into account the level of the clients tax companionship. If the client has around knowledge of the tax law, the re searcher can ask questions that presume such knowledge. On the other hand, if the client is unsophisticated in tax matters, the researcher should ask simply questions that the client can answer without reference to the tax law. misuse 2 Identify the Issues After the researcher is satisfied that he or she understands the clients transaction and knows all the relevant facts, the researcher can proceed to the second step in the research process. In this step, the researcher identifies the tax issue or issues suggested by the transaction. The ability to recognize tax issues is the product of technical education and professional experience. Consequently, this step is usually the most challenging for new tax researchers. The identification of issues leads to the formation of tax research questions.The tax researcher should be as precise as possible in formulating questions. A precise question is narrowly tell ands adds clear parameters for the remaining steps in the research process. An imprecise question that is vague or overly broad in scope may provide insufficient parameters and result in wasted time and effort. Multiple Research Questions If the tax issue suggested by a transaction lead to multiple research questions, the researcher must determine the order in which the questions should be answered.In our complex tax system, the answer to a question often depends on the answer to mavin or more preliminary questions. Tax researchers who understand the hierarchy of their research questions can address each question in the right order and apportion their research with maximum efficiency. A combination of education, training, and experience is necessary to enable the researcher to identify all of the issues with respect to a tax problem successfully. In some situations, this step can be the most difficult element of a tax research problem to carry out.Issues in a closed-fact tax research problem often lift from a conflict with the IRS. In such a case, one ca n ascertain the issue(s) easily. Research of this nature usually consists of finding support for an action that the client has already taken. Types of Issues In most research projects, however, the researcher must develop a list of issues. Research issues can be divided into two major categories * Fact issues are concerned with cultivation having an objective reality, such as the dates of transactions, the amounts involved in an exchange, reasonableness, intent, and purpose. Law issues arise when the facts are well established, but it is not clear which portion of the tax law applies to the issue. Step 3 Locate Authority As the third step in the research process, the researcher heads for a tax library. A researchers mission is to locate the authority that provides answers to the research question. Traditional libraries consist of shelves alter with books, loose-leaf binders, magazines, and other published materials containing all the technical minutiae of the tax law.Today, tradit ional libraries are disappearing as professional tax advisors gain access to the electronic libraries unattached on the Internet. Once obvious advantage of electronic libraries is the speed at which researchers can access sources of authority and move among the sources. A second advantage is the slake with which electronic sources can be updated to embroil current developments. A third advantage is that an electronic library is portable. A tax researcher with a laptop computer computer can access the library at any time and from any location.Regardless of whether a tax researcher is working in a traditional or electronic library, a researcher must be knowledgeable about the content and organization of the reference pertaining to the problem at hand. The researcher in any case must be able to distinguish between the two main categories of reference materials sources of authority and sources of information. Primary Authority Primary authority is an element of the federal official tax laws that was issued by Congress, the Treasury Department, or Internal tax income Service. Primary authority carries greater precedential weight than secondary authority.Each primordial authority excessively has a relative weight to other primary authorities. Weight is best described as an assessment of relative importance compared to other authority. Statutory sources include the Constitution, tax treaties, and tax laws passed by Congress. Statutory authority is the primer for all tax provisions. The Constitution grants Congress the power to impose and collect taxes and also authorizes the knowledgeableness of treaties with other countries. The power of Congress to implement and collect taxes is summarized in the Internal revenue enhancement Code, the official title of U. S. tax law.The Internal Revenue Code constitutes the basis for all tax law, and, therefore, the basis for arriving at solutions to all tax questions. The other primary sources of the tax law, administra tive and judicial authority, function primarily to interpret and rationalise the application of the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and the intent of Congress. Administrative sources include the various rulings of the Treasury Department and the IRS. These are issued in the form of Regulations, Revenue Rulings, and other pronouncements. Judicial sources consist of collected rulings of the various courts on federal tax matters.Secondary Authority Secondary Authority Sources consist of unofficial sources of tax information, such as * tax services * journals * textbooks * treatises * newsletters. Secondary authority is an element of the tax law that was issued by a professional or scholarly writer. It is an interpretation of the tax law issued by primary sources. Many secondary sources exist. Some of the most useful are the editorial analysis and explanation contained in many of the major tax services, articles published in the numerous professional journals and newsletters, t reatises, and textbooks.Secondary authority carries less precedential weight than primary authority. Secondary authorities are useful in finding, analyzing, and evaluating primary authorities. The distinction between primary and secondary (or editorial) sources of authority is more important because of IRC 6662, which imposes a penalty on substantial understatements of tax, except where the taxpayer has substantial authority for the position taken on the return. Substantial Authority The Regulation under 6662 specifies the sources of substantial authority to include * provisions of the Internal Revenue Code momentary and final Regulations * court cases * administrative pronouncements * tax treaties * Congressional intent as reflected on Committee Reports. This list was expanded by the Committee Report for the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1989 to include * Proposed Regulations * Private Letter Rulings * Technical Advice Memoranda, * Information or Press Releases * Notices * Any o ther similar documents published by the IRS in the Internal Revenue Bulletin. Treatises and articles in legal periodicals, however, are not considered substantial authority under this statute.Conflicting Authority Secondary authority is useful when conflicting primary authority exists, when there appears to be no extant primary authority, or when the researcher needs an explanation or clarification of the primary authority. Over the medieval 15 years, as the support staffs of government agencies and (especially) Federal courts have been decreased in number or otherwise become inadequate, more dependence has been position upon the secondary authorities of the tax law, even by the IRS, the Treasury Department, and the court system.Tax researchers must be careful, though, not to rely too heavily upon secondary authority and always to read any clever primary authority that is referred to in the secondary sources. Commercial Tax Services Because of the vast amount of tax authority tha t is available, the tax researcher would have a tremendous problem in undertaking a tax research problem for a client if it were not for commercial tax services and treatises.Several publishers have produced coordinated sets of reference materials, such as RIAs Checkpoint, that organize the tax authority into a usable format, bring about the Internal Revenue Code and other primary authorities much more accessible. Checkpoint Commercial tax services, such as RIAs Checkpoint, are useful in that they provide simplified explanations with footnote honorable mentions, as well as examples illustrating the application of the law. Checkpoint leads the tax researcher, via the footnote references, to the primary source that is pertinent to the question at hand.A tax service can be classified as chiefly an annotated service or as a topical service. Annotated services are make in Internal Revenue Code section order, such as RIAs United States Tax Reporter. A topical service, such as RIAs Fed eral Tax Coordinator, is organized by topical areas determined by the editors. Step 4 Evaluate Authority Regardless of whether a researcher is variation from a printed page or a computer screen, the researcher must have the skill to interpret and evaluate the authority at hand. In some cases, the authority may provide an unambiguous answer to the researchers question.In other cases, the answer may be equivocal because the authority is inconclusive or subject to interpretation. Or perhaps disparate sources of authority provide conflicting answers. In these cases, the researcher must bring his or her own judgment to concede in analyzing the authority and answering the question. Weighting Authorities All tax authority does not carry the same precedential value. For example, the tax court could chasten that an item should be excluded from gross income at the same time that an outstanding IRS Revenue Ruling asserts the item is taxable.The tax researcher must evaluate the two authorit ies and decide whether to recommend that his or her client report the disputed item. How Research Can Loop In the process of evaluating the authority for the issue(s) under research, new issues previously not considered by the researcher may come to light. If this is the case, the researcher may be required to gather additional facts, find additional pertinent authority, and evaluate the new issues. All of these research activities must be related to the clients research problem.The researcher uses professional judgment in selecting issues and find the effort to expend on the issues. This loop is illustrated below Step 5 Develop Conclusions As part of the analytic process, the researcher should decide if the authority requires him or her to make a factual judgment or an appraising(prenominal) judgment. Factual Judgment In making a factual judgment, the researcher compares the authority to a set of facts. Assuming that the facts are complete and accurate, the researcher can provide a definitive answer to the research question.Evaluative Judgment Researchers are required to make evaluative judgments when the relevant authority relates to a conclusion inferred from a set of facts, rather than to the facts themselves. By definition, conclusions are subjective different observers may draw different conclusions from the same facts. A researcher who must draw a conclusion to complete a research project can never be sure that such conclusion will go unchallenged by the IRS. Therefore, the researcher should never give an unqualified answer to a research question requiring an evaluative judgment.Getting All the Facts At some point in the research process, even an expert may discover that he or she does not have all the facts necessary to complete the analysis of the clients transaction. In such case, the researcher must repeat Step 1 by obtaining additional information from the client. Oftentimes the additional information suggests additional tax issues and research qu estions that the researcher must address. A researcher may have to repeat Steps 1 through 4 several times before he or she is satisfied with the analysis. Handling Unresolved IssuesWhere unresolved issues exist, the researcher might inform the client about alternative possible outcomes of each disputed transaction, and give the best recommendation for each. If the research involved an open fact situation, the recommendation might detail several alternative course of future action, (for example, whether to complete the deal, or how to document the intended effects of the transaction). In many cases, the researcher may find it eliminate to present his or her recommendation of the best solution from a tax perspective, as well as one or more alternative recommendations that may be much more workable solutions.In any case, the researcher will want to discuss with the client the pros and cons of all reasonable recommendations and the risks associated with each course of action. Step 6 Co mmunicate The final step in the research process is to communicate the results and recommendations of the research. The results of the research effort usually are summarized in a muniment to the client file and a letter to the client. Both of these items usually contain a restatement of the pertinent facts as the researcher understands them, any assumptions the researcher made, issues addressed, the applicable authority, and the tax researchers recommendations.The memorandum to the file usually contains more detail than does the letter to the client. Clients Tax Knowledge In any event, the researcher must temper his or her communication of the research results so that it is understandable by the intended reader. For instance, the researcher should use vastly different jargon and citation techniques in preparing an article for the Journal of Taxation than in preparing a client memo for a businessperson or layperson who is not sophisticated in tax matters.

A Proposal to Abolish Grading

In every education system, grading and testing are done simultaneously so as teachers and lectures can know the capabilities of their students and whether they have assimilated what have been taught and used effectively.Most of universities and higher learning institutions as prerequisite of students admission is being tested before given(p) admission, the system help the universities assessing applicants capabilities in correspondence to their applications.The grading system which is conducted after certain amount of academic units covered of students respective courses or subjects, apart from assessing students capabilities, overly assist them in studying especially for lazy students. When students know that there get out be grading for the tests they are handout to do, definitely they are going to study hard for it.I tend to differ with Paul Goodman in his proposal to abolish grading as the notion has been much effective for quite more or less time and has helped most of stud ents scoring good grades even though they were lazy. But to Paul Goodman, who proposed the abolishment of grading take this as bullying students as he argues that Many students are lazy, so teachers try to goad or threaten them by grading. In the long run this must do more vilify than good.(Paul Goodman, Mis-Education, 1971).Nevertheless, grading system assist in discovering people weaknesses being students or applicants to the higher learning. Through grading students can be able to spot their weaknesses in accordance with the type of grades they get either low or high. If low then students have an opportunity of knowing how to correct it so as to advance their grades, hence becoming knowledgeable.Despite the good intention the system has, there are setbacks that have been spotted by Paul Goodman as he argues that But if the submit is to discover weakness, what is the point of down-grading and punishing it, and thereby inviting the student to conceal his weakness, by faking and bullying, if not cheating?(Paul Goodman, Mis-Education, 1971).In conclusion, even though students might cheat during their assignments, yet they will be working hard in the tests and examinations which will help them study. Grading and testing system still assist students to learn more through the writ of execution of their grades.ReferenceGoodman Paul, A proposal to abolish grading, Mis-Education, (1971), Chapter 10, John Wiley New York

Monologue of Spider

Eeeeeeeeeew, yuk, I dont want to sit following(a) to HIM, Miss, thats so unfairI went through so many com ments like that solely told(prenominal) day. Everyone pattern that if they were put next to me they would catch my give a directioncast disease.Ive never had a proper friend. You k instantaneously, one who would give you their last Rolo, or spend hours trying to excuse the homework to you, even if you didnt get it by the end.All the years through infant give lessons, thence primary school and then secondary school were hell. My school grades were always bad. The teachers would say that I was lazy and couldnt be b differented to do the work, when truly that couldnt have been more(prenominal) wrong. I tried so hard, I really did, that my mind just couldnt c oncentrate. The words got muddled up on the page and letters switched around. All of this made it pr runically impossible for me to read and write. save I was thought of as idle and sluggish, because my speaking was almost immaculate.(Spider walking up a path)My bad grades were just an early(a) reason to spark take out an argument between my parents. They used to love each other. It was fine when I was very pure, I had no worries in the world and a loving mystify and father. whence, when I was a little older, six or seven, maybe, my father had an affair. The affair only lasted a little while and my mum agreed to take my dada back, but they were never the same again. Dad would come back from the pub very late, maybe even very, very early in the morning, stinking of beer and fags. accordingly mum would start an argument with him.I used to hide in my room whilst this was going on. I would crouch under my bed-sheets, and hum to myself, trying to thwart out the shouting and screaming going on below me.I left school as soon as I could after my GCSEs. I didnt get any good marks in them either. My life was over. Would anyone actually notice if I just curled up and died?I had no qualifications an d no college or sixth form to go to. Not that I would go anyway. I had put up with bullying all my life, college would be just the same, dreadful comments, no friends, not being able to get to sleep, dreading what the next day held.The next few years of my life wasted away to nothing. I had no job, and not having any qualifications meant I wasnt going to get one either. I just stayed at home, with mum nagging at me every day, telling me what a failure I was. I tried not to pay any attention. I think it made her feel better to take out her petulance on someone. I didnt take anything she said personally.Then, one morning, as I stared into the mirror, I stepped back and besidesk a look at my life. Was this really what I valued? No job. No friends. No life. If I did die, I think less than 20 people would turn up to my funeral. That thought really scared me. So, I decided I was going to do something with my life. Anything, just so I could say that I had done something and everything hadnt been a complete waste. I made the biggest finis of my life. I sold my pride and joy, my beautiful, red Harley Davidson. It was inclined to me as a gift by my granddad, just before he passed away. Granddad never thought I was a failure. He viewd in me, always encouraging me. I was devastated when he died. You have to move on though and thats what I am doing now.I almost cried as I parted with it. I managed to get quite a good price for it though. That day I left my home for good. I left mother a note on the kitchen table, which simply saidMother, I am going away to make something of my life. Maybe I give come back to visit some day . . . Love you always, Gregory.I left home, armed with the 2000 I got for the bike and with my life in a grimy hiking bag.* * *Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. On behalf of British Airways, I would like to wish you a pleasant flight. If at any time you require assistance, please excite the red button above your head and a flight part will be with you soon to help. Have a nice flightI sat on the plane and stared out of the misty window. This was finally it. I had left all my problems in Bristol. Time to start a new(a) life. I hadnt thought nearly where I was going to go, I had just picked up a cheap, last minute ticket to Africa. I didnt know much about Africa, well, nothing really. Id watched a few documentaries back at home, but I hardly knew anything about it as a country.Five hours later I arrived in Morocco.(Four months later, Spider is now sat in a tree)I trudged through the wet, cold rainforest miserably for days on end. I lived on the sustenance for thought I could find, which was hardly anything.From the lack of food and what it was, I was experiencing excruciating hunger pains and I had a terrible bout of food poisoning. All this meant I was constantly in agonising pain. The only thing that kept me going, was the thought of how much worse it had been in Bristol. You see, mental pain hurts so much more th an physical. Tablets can not obliterate pain inside and somehow the physical pain felt slightly comforting. I guess it was the same sort of adrenaline you would get if you cut yourself.After struggling my way through the rainforest for a few weeks, I came across a town of natives.First of all I saw a group of little straw huts, with a fire blazing in between them. Around this fire, coloured African men with war paint on were doing an astounding dance. Whilst they danced they chanted an indescribable verse of strange sounds, which was accompanied by the steady beat of a large drum. I gazed upon them in awe, not completely sure what to do or think. My brain told me to range away, I had heard that natives do not take kindly to intruders, but my heart told me to stay a little longer and watch this fascinating ritual.Then, all of a sudden, a big chief native bellowed out something in African, which made everything come to a halt. The dancing stopped, the chanting stopped and the boomin g of the drum halted. I started to become very nervous and was just about to leave, when all of the natives started charging towards me My heart jumped into my throat, as I stood there dumbfounded. I tried to run but my feet wouldnt move an inch, they were getting closer and closer to me. Finally I started to run but it was too late. I felt my arms being twisted back as they grabbed hold of me. I struggled to get away but they were too strong. Then I felt a blow to the back of my head and that was the last thing I remembered.I woke up later that night with a thumping headache. It was dark and cold. I looked around me, then as my eyes adjusted to the light, I vaguely made out the hard walls beside me with one small snare looking out to the starry sky. I was lying on the knock down of some kind of cell, a prison-like cell, on top of some straw. It was then that I realised the full extent of my actions. Obviously, the natives had captured me and there was no escape, minus the tiny wi ndow about five feet above the floor, and the iron barred door.What would they do to me? I asked myself, shaking at the thought. If only I had stayed back in Bristol, none of this would be happening now. I could be sat at home, reflexion the television, back with all my problems . . . No I thought again. I came here to get away from all that. Anything is better than that, even if it does mean being eaten live(a) by natives.(Spider is now looking quite upset, the shot is of him sat by a river)After that I must have dropped off. Strange how that happened in the given circumstances. I guess I was lovely tired, I hadnt had a decent nights sleep for ages. Everywhere I tried to sleep was freezing and damp and believe it or not nothing had been as comfy as that straw on the floor.I was awoken again by a deep, loud voice. I assailable my eyes startled and saw before me a very large man with a very big spear and a plate. My eyes widened with fright. feel gruff, he then placed the plate on the floor, which had what looked like a collection of small oranges on and shoved it along the floor to me.Man eat food now, he said, then grunted, and stomped out locking the door behind him. I sat there, my emotions mixed with confusion and fright. Should I eat it? It could be poisonous. Then again, the other option was to die from being eaten alive so . . .I opted for eating the food. Besides, I was so hungry.I grabbed some and shoved them in my mouth, hardly bothering to chew. They actually tasted really good. They were the sweetest things Id eaten in ages. The plate was soon empty and my stomach growled for more.For a while I just sat there thinking. The sun shined brightly through the little hole in the wall and I heard the chirping of hissings from outside. Then, all of a sudden, one bird flew straight through the tiny gap and banged headfirst into the wall on the other side of my cell. It fell to the floor its small body motionless.A wave of sadness flowed over me as I s tared at the poor creature. Then I heard a little cheep, cheep and the bird hopped up onto its feet again.Thank goodness I thought. It is saved. I looked at it again and as it tried to fly away, only one wing would work. It twisted and turned frantically trying to get away, but sadly it couldnt.It soon ran out of energy and flopped to the floor again. I went over and saw its tiny chest beating, its wing was obviously broken. I studied around me for anything that would help the bird. I spotted a latch on that looked quite strong and I gathered up some of the hay off of the floor. I then carefully attached the twig to the birds wing with the straw, to act as a kind of splint. The little thing was now too exhausted to be frightened which was good. Now aware that its wing was better, the bird stood up and tried to fly. At first it was just small jumps, which progressed to get bigger.I heard loud footsteps approaching the cell door and I backed towards the other side of the room. It was the same man as before, he had come to collect the plate. As he unlocked the door and came in, he saw the pretty bird hopping around with my attempt of a splint on. He stared at it in amazement.You help this bird? he questioned.Yyyyesss, I stammered, shaking like a leaf. He looked surprised.Man is good, he help bird, he said. Then did what I presumed to be a smile, I wasnt too sure though. Then he left.A few minutes later, the man from before came in again, but this time followed by another member of the tribe.You will come with us now, the new man said, in an even deeper voice than the first one. They led me out of the cell and took me to the place where I had first laid eyes on this village. It was pretty early in the morning, so there wasnt a fire, but everything else was pretty much the same. I was greeted by the faces of at least fifty natives, all cover in war paint and wearing native dress, staring at me like I was some sort of alien. I felt so out of place and scared. Whisp ering went on between the audience as I was led up to the front. Then, everyone went silent as the steady beat of the drum began once more. All of the tribe bowed down, as who I assumed to be the chief came out of one of the biggest little huts.He was wearing a attractively ornate head-dress, accompanied by long, beige, cotton robes with tassels coming off. He walked solemnly up to me and stared at me straight in the eye. The whole tribe was silent now and even the drum had ceased its beating.Man, you trespassed onto our land. Punishment for trespassing, is death he said, almost shouting at the end. Everyone gasped and started their whispering again. I just stood there trembling.But he carried on you have shown great kindness and selflessness in helping little sacred saskarpelli bird. Therefore your punishment has been lifted. You will no longer die I sighed a huge sigh of relief and my heart returned to its normal pace.And, he started again, As a show of our gratitude, I would lik e to make you an honorary member of our tribe, he smiled and the crowd started shouting and cheering. Before I knew it I was being dressed up and having war paint painted on my face. I spent the whole day with them, chanting and dancing, like I had seen them do the night before. It was truly the most amazing, strange and scary forty-eight hours of my lifeThe next day I bid my farewells and carried on my journey. I had a full stomach and plenty more food to keep me going on my way until my next adventure . . .

Democratization of Uruguay

Giancarlo Orichio Dr. A. Arraras CPO 3055 20 November 2008 Democratic Transition and Consolidation Uruguay A study of democratization presumes that the meaning of democratization is obvious defined simply as a transition of a political system from non-democracy towards accountable and representative g either e very(prenominal)placenment practices. (Grugel 3) A concept that is valid in Uruguayan politics however, has an element of potential risk that ordain be the topic of further analysis.Assessment of the latter will enable us to order why Uruguay is the only oneness of the four former bureaucratic-authoritarian governings in South America that includes long pepper, Brazil, and Argentina to attain this debatably political status quo. Guillermo ODonnell described this example of regime as an institution that uses coercive measures to respond to what they view as threats to capitalism, whereas, the only means of opposing this repressive government is by an unconditional car go to democracy. (ODonnell xiii) The hi timerchically lead bureaucratic-authoritarian regime as a political actor poses a possible advantage to democratization insofar that the troops-as-institution may consider that t heritor interests are best served by extrication from the phalanx-as-government. However, seizing power to a rude(a) governing body without imposing strong constraints is improbable and has occurred predictably in Uruguayan democratic transition. Understanding the obstacle faced by the newly fragile democratic government in managing the military and eliminating its reserved domains brings us to the task at hand.First, I will analyze the political history in Uruguay that lead up to the no doubt controversial argument that it has attained democratic consolidation. Secondly, I will analyze the factors that either contributed or hindered its journey to representative democracy ultimately, arriving to the conclusion that Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan describe as a ris k-prone consolidated democracy. On 25 noble 1825, Juan Antonio Lavalleja, at the head of a group of patriots called the treinta y tres orientales, issued a declaration of independence. After a three-year fight, a peace treaty signed on 28 August 1828 guaranteed Uruguays independence.During this period of political turmoil and civil war, the two political parties around which Uruguayan history has traditionally revolved, the Colorados and the Blancos, were founded. Even by West Europen standards, Uruguay had a tradition of high party identification and a clear sense of a left- reform index. (Linz 152) Uruguays scratch line president, Gen. Jose Fructuoso Rivera, an ally of Artigas, founded the Colorados. The second president, Brig. Gen. Manuel Oribe, a friend of Lavalleja, founded the Blancos. The 19th carbon was largely a struggle between the two factions.However, it was not until the election of Jose Batlle y Ordonez as president in 1903 that Uruguay matured as a nation. The Ba tlle administrations (19037, 191115) mark the period of greatest economical performance. A distinguished statesman, Batlle initiated the social welfare system codified in the Uruguayan constitution. From then on, Uruguays social programs, funded primarily by earnings of beef and wool in foreign markets, gave Uruguay the revered soubriquet Switzerland of South America. After World War II, the Colorados ruled, except for an eight-year period from 195866.It was during the administration of chair Jorge Pacheco Areco (196772) that Uruguay entered a political and social crisis. As wool declined in world markets, export earnings no longer kept pace with the need for greater social expenditures. Political instability directed, most dramatically in the emergence of Uruguays National Liberation Movement, popularly known as the Tupamaros. This well-organized urban guerrilla endeavour adopted Marxist and nationalist ideals while on the other hand, most nationally important actors were di sloyal or at best semi-loyal to the already naturalized democratic regime.Their revolutionary activities, coupled with the worsening economic situation, exacerbated Uruguays political uncertainty. Gradually, the military-as institution assumed a greater role in government and by 1973 was in complete control of the political system. By the end of 1973, the Tupamaros had been successfully controlled and suppressed by the military-as-institution. In scathe of systematic repression, as Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan stated, Uruguay was the most deeply repressive of the four South American bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes. (Linz 152) acquittal international denounced Uruguay for human rights violations in 1979, they estimated the number of political prisoners jailed at a ratio of 1 per 600, Chile and Argentina were respectively 1 in 2,000 and 1 in 1,200. (Linz 152) By 1977 the military announced that they would devise a new constitution with the intentions to strengthen democracy. The new constitution would be submitted to a plebiscite in 1980, and if ratified elections with a single presidential candidate nominated by both the Colorados and the Blancos and approved by the military would be held the following year.The post-authoritarian transition to democracy began in Uruguay when the democratic opposition won the plebiscite. By the 1980s the military did not have an offensive figure to lift Uruguay from its uninterrupted bad economic performance, the Tupamaros had in fact been defeated by 1973, so a defense project against urban guerrilla was unnecessary. The military had no civil or political support, and with there loss in the plebiscite, whose results they said they would respect, tarnished the militarys political leverage significantly.Thus, the democratic opposition in the form of the two major catch all political parties that have governed de jure since the 19 century presented a non threatening alternative despite their disloyal port before the aut horitarian coup detat . As previously touched on, the opportunities presented by a hierarchical military favoring democratic transition is the possibility that the wind officers of the military-as-institution will come to the conclusion that the cost of non democratic rule is greater than the cost of extrication.With the main interest resting in a stable state that will in turn allow the military to become a functioning sector of the state apparatus. However, this does not preclude the possibility of non democratic prerogatives in the transfer. The party-military talks called the Naval Club Pact disqualified Wilson Ferreira of the Blanco party to be nominated as president, pushed for guarantees concerning their own autonomy, and the most damaging to democracy was the curtailment of human right trails for military officials.Elections were held in 1985 were Julio Maria Sanguinetti from the Colorado party became the first democratically elected candidate in the 1977 constitution. Bec ause of strong public discontent with Military Amnesty granted during the transition, the curtailment was sent to a referendum in 1989, were it approved the amnesty and gained democratic legitimacy by 57%. It has to be stated that the majority of Uruguayan opposed the amnesty, however the fragile democratic government confronted a lamentable decision. They could have breached the Naval Club Pact and tried military officer for heir human right offenses and risked military refusal and therefore a crisis in their own authority. Or they could have hastily granted them amnesty at the cost of get down prestige in the new democracy. It is safe to assume that the electorate voted to let the amnesty law stand not because it was just but more so to avert a crisis. By 1992 the left-wing Frente Amplio was integrated into Uruguayan politics without any other major party leaders deeming them unsatisfactory arriving to the quarrelsome argument that Uruguay became a consolidated democracy.Urugu ays economic development can be divided into two starkly contrasting periods. During the first period, when it earned its valued sobriquet Switzerland of South America, from the deeply 1800s until the 1950s, Uruguay achieved remarkable growth and a high standard of living. Expanding livestock exports principally beef and wool accounted for its economic development. The advanced social welfare programs, which redistributed wealth from the livestock sector to the rest of the rescue, raised the standard of living for the majority of the population and contributed to the development of new industries.When export earnings faltered in the 1950s, however, the fabric of Uruguays economy had begun to unravel. The country entered a decades-long period of economic stagnation. It was during the administration of President Jorge Pacheco Areco (196772) that Uruguay entered a political and social crisis. As wool and beef demands declined in world markets, export earnings no longer kept pace with the need for greater social expenditures causing bad economic performance that lead to the bureaucratic-authoritarian take over of government.Although the old democratic regime was not able to lift economic prosperity neither was the military-as-government. Bad economic performance still plagued the nation end-to-end authoritarian rule. By 1980 the military had no agenda in combating the bad economic performance that helped unveil the inadequacies of the non democratic regime. In fact, economic performance has been in a decline since 1950s until today. Although the legitimacy that the democratic system posses in Uruguay is strong, the capacity, or as Stepan and Linz say, the efficacy of the democratic system in resolving the stagnant economy is low.Thus, making Uruguays democracy risk-prone due to an unsolved economic performance. Since the economy has been the number one issue affecting Uruguayans since the end of their golden era in the early 19 century. A public opinion poll wa s asked to upper class respondents weather a political alternative from the authoritarian regime at the time would speed rather than slow economic recuperation. By a margin of 2 to 1 they believed it would, more surprisingly was a 7 to 1 response to the question if a new democratic regime would bring more tranquility and public order.In 1985, of the nine institutions evaluated in terms of trust, political parties ranked highest with a net score of 57 and the armed forces with a net score of negative 73. Only 5% viewed the military empathetically while 78% viewed the military with antipathy. (Linz 153) In my studies concerning democratization never did democracy start with such rejection of the political role of the military from all class coalitions alike.During the first half on the 19th century the norm was a two party system similar to that of the fall in States in that there was low atomisation and low polarization. (Linz 163) However, contrary to the American vetting process the Uruguayan had a peculiar electoral system known as the double simultaneous vote that allows all parties to run multiple candidate for the presidency. This did not present a problem until after the 1960s when presidents routinely were elected with less than 25% of the vote because of the union of candidates running.This creates party fragmentation that can hinder democracy. The fact that the old regime political structure remains untouched means that the opportunity for constitutional sort was missed and this presents a potential democratic upheaval. Behaviorally, by 1968-73 political elites were at best semi-loyal to the democratic system that soon caused the authoritarian regime to take over government, and one thing that can be done from previous failures in democratic attempts is to learn from their missteps.Stepan and Linz clearly state that for the consolidation of democracy loyalty to the system as well as the perception that all other parties are loyal to the democrati c process plays a crucial role. (Linz 156) By 1985 not one of the twelve major factions of the three leading parties perceived the other parties to be acting disloyal. As well as the mere fact that the once unacceptable left-wing party, Frente Amplio, held the mayoral position of Montevideo by 1989 and then the presidency by 2004 demonstrates the positive elite choices that contributed to democracy.Since Uruguays troublesome and long fought battle for independence in August 25, 1828 Uruguay did not encounter any intermestic stateness problems. As far as Washington relations to Latin America and in particular Uruguay, the United States continues to pursue hegemony over the region. The neo-liberal reforms in place in the region are bound by the restraints of the global market and for a country like Uruguay it is very difficult to compete with such superpowers.These reforms have often left the lower classes impoverish and desperate while the upper classes and Washington feed their glut tonous appetites. The civilian government in Uruguay has found it increasingly difficult to enforce these foreign economic influences that can potentially result in authoritarian means of accomplishment. As a member of MERCOSUR, Mercado Comun del Sur, Uruguay faced foreign political influences to liberalize its economy during the 1990s, as economic giants, and MERCOSUR partners Brazil and Argentina had done.This can be potentially crushing to democracy except that Uruguay in the 1980s had a gross national product (GNP) per capita income of 2,820, higher than any of its MERCOSUR counterparts. However, we must remember that Uruguay has been experiencing a downward economic performance since the mid 1900s and is a potential risk that needs to be addressed to preserve democracy. United States foreign policy in Uruguay and in the rest of Latin America has encouraged for the liberalization of markets. The side effect of neo-liberal reform is the zero-sum element that produces excessive a mounts of losers.Essentially the contrary to what it is intended to produce. These superpower polices use creates few winners most of which are elites with government connection that have been the primary beneficiaries of the sweeping economic transformation. (Kingstone 196) This transcends business when the only means of preserving this market economy is finished potential authoritarian means. The contentious claim that Uruguay is a consolidated democracy since 1992 is threefold, first, because of the reluctance to fix the already proven failed double simultaneous vote electoral system.Secondly, because of civil-military relations concerning human rights violation during authoritarian rule, although was legitimized by democratic referendum, but more importantly budgetary cuts that have been implemented as a result of bad economic performance. Finally, and most importantly, Uruguayans accept democracy as the most legitimate political game, but also recognize its incapacity to fix the troubling economy, producing this efficacy-legitimacy gap that can be potentially destructive for democracy.These three factors give Uruguay the title of a risk-prone democracy. Works Cited Kingstone, Peter R. , ed. Readings in Latin American Politics. saucy York Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. Linz, Juan, and Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. ODonnell, Guillermo. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism Studies in South American Politics. Berkley Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1973.

Assignment on Principles of Management

There are many factors that constitute on how to achieve uprightness in management especially in the case of Starbucks under Howard Shultz. Indeed, management is getting things done, through efficient compresseds that would maximize profit while keeping costs down. In order to be competitive and for an organization to be successful in the field of management and to be productive, there are lots of things to be considered. such aspects are the public presentation of the leading or managers of the firm and the performance of the firm as whole, safety measures regarding the management, risks that will come along that the organization are going to face and ways to overwhelm them, and the influence of consultation (Pollock, 2001). In line with these factors that management of organization must consider are the needs of the organization. These needs can be achieved through the familiarity of the management and technological approaches the management would choose (Barclay, 1997).Deali ng with those needs is important and constitute to the honor in management. There are lots of experiments on how to achieve virtuousness in management was done by Shultz in achieving the status Starbucks have today. Some findings are the need to pitch strategies, designs that can be used to survey the organizations success, measures as standard reason, methods and ways to adapt to a complex environment whether to stay with their current strategies in a constant environment or to change due to the changing environment, and many more (Resources, 2006). A.Ways to Achieving Management Excellence 1. Excellence through Performance Management One design that will constitute on the excellence in management of an organization is through the giving incentives to the individual. This will be dependent on their performance in their field of work. This is called the pay-for-performance system (William K. Redmon, 2005). For the naive reason, the aim for additional income, the individuals de velopment can be achieve by doing this. By doing this, the gap in the individuals inclination and the organizational goal can be lessen or even better, will be gone.In addition, the costs of goods and services are also in its minimal due to the incentive pays that motivates employees. This motivation factors makes employees to expire more productive. In fact, some of the companies are now changing their way on how to pay their employees, from normal salary basis and or hourly basis wage systems, to payment based on the employees performance (pay-for-performance system). As of this time, organizations are having difficulty recruiting workers. This may be due to the minimum wage salaries that they offer.Because of this reason, the firms and new(prenominal) organizations are thinking of ways on how to attract new workers and to retain the old ones. Other companies have the way of increasing the employees salaries, thus qualification an addition to their expenses and labor costs. I n addition to this, performance of these newly hired workers cannot be said to have reached the organizations needs. Then the need for performance improvement are then on the play. Here comes the study on how to management motivates employees that will become a great use in achieving organizational goal.Organizations have used incentives using incentives such as additional pay depending on the performance of individual employees (Studies, 2004). What others have done is to give those who are in the hard work for the organizations goal some incentives in the form of not a monetary value but for the recognition of their behaviors. Such examples of non-monetary value incentives are promotions. Most organizations do such things like this for motivating their employees to be more productive. Together with the individuals aim for promotion, is the organization having greater profit and lessens the costs of services.Other non-monetary value incentives are recognition of the employees, for example, employee of the month award, best employee of the year, and many more. Such behavioral way of motivations is of great help in achieving excellence in management of an organization. Implementation of a goal through goal-setting course can be used by management to evaluate employees performances. Feedback program can be added and to this method. Feedback may be of good or bad based on the goal colonised by the organization. For employees perception of this settled goal may have different effects depending on the individual.Some responds to the better productivity, while others have done absenteeism. An increase in productivity means the goal settled by the management served as a challenge and thus motivates the employee for better work. On the other hand, this served as constraints for other workers. Feedbacks however are used to accompany away criticism but are used for employees performance evaluation. Thats for the reason that criticisms are agents of exploitation that management didnt want to intervene with the management.What feedback supposed to do is to give an evaluation, whether it may be bad or good, that will serve as a constructive criticism to employees. If the feedback was bad, that doesnt mean that the employee was bad at all, but to show the deficiency the employee have and to overcome for the employee to overcome this. If the feedback was good, that means that the employees work was recognized and then the tendency of being a more hard working employee will come up to the mind of the employee. This is how behavioral management in an organization plays.II. Management Practices A. Comparison Lets take a look at some organizations/companies that won some awards regarding the excellence in management. For the supply chain excellence, the Starbucks Coffee chain having the dodge model of high-speed build-to-order delivery services has been recognized. The Starbucks Coffee won one of the dealings on the supply chain excellence speed. To me asure the excellence in management of the Starbucks Coffee, a checklist was made with all the criteria of being excellent in management as the standard basis.

Benchmarking

Is defined by CIMA as The Establishment, through and through data gathering of targets and comparators, through whose use relative levels of performance (and under performance) can be identified. CIMA, 2008 This definition explains in my mind that benchmarking is the proportion of one/ several federations comparison of relative factors to anothers. Therefore seeing how a companys best practise differs to your own. There ar several types of benchmarking that a company may use Internal, Functional, Competitive and Strategic.A company may use internal benchmarking to compare different processes within the same departments. If they use functional benchmarking then they are mainly looking their departments and which runs better regardless of their different outputs. Competitive benchmarking is information gathered about direct competitors and finally strategic is a longer edge benchmark technique. This is used for companies looking for organisational change.The main advantage for ben chmarking is to set the foundation for performance improvement to help better competitors Nayab, 2010 and overall be the best company in the Market place. On the other hand a disadvantage is how readily available is all the information you require to benchmark? Business emergence Re-engineering Is defined by Drury as examining business processes and making substantial changes to how the company operates. Drury C, 2008 BPR is a major tool used by business because they want gains in performance and quality, and they need to cost reductions to strive for profit maximisation.When re-engineering processes they look at what has been done and try to improve it. A typical example may be Building a car by hand takes a considerable long time, however if they changed the process to the car being built by a robot, then they could increase performance and quality. However there are many negatives to usage of BPR. It has an uncertain result because it is an all or nothing technique (high risk). In addition it is said that

An Analysis into the study of knowledge as a term

An analytical survey of cognition appreciates the term to hold several signifi fuckces. I will snatch to myself to three of them. The first significance concerns the ability possessed ensuing from find outing. One can cognize how to put on a library, unmatchable and only(a) can cognize how to stand, walk or how to give a address that could fire the audience. Another account of cognition involves the familiarity, acquaintance, and personal throw. A individual can cognize a topographical point by holding visited to the topographic point or cognize a politician by have a face to confront brush with him. Last the account of cognition can be the collected facts from experiments, observations and surveies, and doing decisions that justify personal or general belief. At a broader perspective cognition can be grouped into two classs, one is the silent cognition, which can non be expressed in voice discourse or Numberss. This is the proficient knowhow and accomplishments that can no n be effectual be represented utilizing mark of linguistic communication or symbols. The 2nd class is that of explicit cognition that can be expressed in footings, oral communication or symbols. This deals with the theoretical attack of work outing jobs.To my understanding the significance of being meliorate to one individual means something different to others. Harmonizing to Socrates who is considered to be the male parent of modern idea, the universe is divided into, the fresh who know they are saps and the saps who think they are wise. Bing meliorate can be taken to intend that one is trained in a specific field every routine penny-pinching as he is able be practi bitchy use the cognition gained. An educated individual has acquired general accomplishments and knowledge almost topics and thoughts. Over and above acquisition of cognition he is able to analyse, understand signifier an sentiment and experience on this information sanely to others. To many throng being educa ted creates a desire to instruct more and invariably change at any stipulation dress up. Learning is a womb-to-tomb experience with cases that help determine our heads and our perceptual experiences.When specifying instruction in the context of give lessonsing in needed to smell beyond accomplishment of academic ends. The impression that the school s first precedence is rational cultivation is lifelessly. There a strong difference between those who propose instruction as a direction of making or developing and prolonging a democratic society and those who believe that a school s primary function is economic, amounting to a future investing of workers and finally corporate net incomes. The phrase of good educated does non exactly mention to the quality of schooling received but besides something about the constitution of the scholar. If the term could be taken to intend what one knows and can make, on that point are many great deal who are ill educated despite holding a to p notch instruction on the converse if the term is taken to mention to the quality of schooling received, the society overflows with good educated people who sat through categories and hardly registered relevant constructs. With these contrasting positions about instruction and cognition, there is a spectacular absence of consensus about what the term ought to intend. At this occasion I have to except some commonly possessed misconceptions about being good educated. Merely being in category for a given period of clip can non do a individual educated although he may live some cognition. Imagining alumnuss who are good prepared for the workplace who are non regarded every bit good educated since they do nt hold the ability to use whatever they have learnt. It would be a error to flash back down schooling and instruction to a vocational readying. High mark in school merely mean an ability to take standardised trials. Most of the instructors that I have interacted with can immediatel y call pupils who are talented minds but who merely do nt execute good in tests every bit good as pupils whose public presentation overestimates their rational gifts. As a affair of fact there is no individual trial that is sufficiently dependable, valid, or adequate in its entireness that it can adequately be treated as a gage of academic success. Besides memorisation and acquaintance with a figure of words, books and thoughts have been rated as a poor look of evaluation as an deficient manner of to judge who is good educated.Finally to be good educated there is on constituent that good turn one of the major functions and that is the school attended. I have analyzed the best sort of a school to be one that is organized around jobs, inquiries and undertakings as opposed to facts, subjects, and accomplishments. Of class cognition is acquired but in context and for a purpose stressing on deepness instead than breath, compassed with find of thoughts more than covering a prescribed c ourse of study. The instructors involved in the acquisition procedure are Renaissance mans and specializers they collaborate to bear interdisciplinary class that their pupils play an active function in planing. All this is accomplished in poor democratic schools that are experienced as caring communities. It s indefensible to hold a wide school, with short categories that have immense tonss on instructor and still be pupil centered, other than a fact transmittal sort of direction scene. This is merely a powerful obstruction to good acquisition. hence to be good educated can be accessed through a complex system, in which pupils spread abroad their apprehension by agencies of in depth undertakings, presentations and portfolios of assignments such appraisal is based on meaningful criterions of duty and criterions that may jointly offer replies to the inquiry of what is to be educated? Assessment of cognition acquisition and educational success I would concentrate more on empiric al logical thinking, societal logical thinking, valued logical thinking, communicating, and personal qualities that constitute duty ego consciousness and capacity for leading. Traveling by the comment of being educated the end of instruction is more instruction and hence being good educated is to hold the desire and holding both the chance and the agencies to do certain that larning neer ends.Therefore if larning be the thirst for cognition the pupils and the society at big must abandon the impression that instruction is clip devouring and obligatory make fulling our heads and replaced it with the thought that people ever thrive best while larning what they love. though clip consuming, we ever find clip for what we love, therefore no clip is lost while we sound from book to book, looking for connexions. Finally am contented every bit long as I read what I read with love, and have small or no concerns if I have unfeignedly read plenty on what am obligated to read. Note that the w hole universe is a schoolroom and to do it one, merely believe that it is. I ever consider that cognition is born out of clutch with the universe, an instruction carpentered out of the best combination we can do of a school, reading, on-line geographic military expedition and friendly relationship may be the best instruction of all instead than a hapless replacement that must apologise for itself in the shadow of academia. Adult scholars have an enviable manner of larning. I have observed that they are neer interested in larning merely for the interest of larning. They go to larn with a motivation of bettering their accomplishments in specific countries, looking for stuffs that reflect existent life challenges that either reflect their fortunes or exemplify a world that they would wish to cognize.

Batter my heart, three-personed God by John Donne

Analyzing the poem by John Donne closely, we can count that he used a lot of figures of speech in order to convey what he feels. In the first line, when he said three-personed God, he was referring to the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit concept (Jokinen). He was asking the master to punish him. The reason behind his request is that he is getting bold, getting so full of himself, as reflected on the that I may rise and stand. He asks that the Lord overthrow him, and then uses descriptive wrangling break, blow burn, and make me new, these word all metaphors of making pottery. In the first lines, there is a give statement of his aggressiveness, wherein he doesnt fear even questioning God Himself. He then poses a simile, I, like a usurped town to another due, wherein he compares himself to an uprising, a rebellion. This is a battle of belief, of whether he clay faithful or not.He admits that he was trying hard to believe in the Lord, however, he himself wasnt subject to defend wit h reason, because of his weak belief, for his reason dwells upon that weakness. He then counters this statement by saying that he in a heartfelt way loves the Lord, and he wishes to be loved back. But the problem would be his promise to the Lords enemy, which is the devil. These shows a simile of physical conflict, of violence which Donne wishes to convey to the readers.The closing statement on the other hand speaks of a grotesque imagery, a description of rape, which would convey the relationship with God, as seen by Donne. But this may be because he complimentss to show the power of God, that even though there are various factors that affects a sealed person, yet still, God remains powerful and can make or break you, depending on how you want it to be. Reference Jokinen, Anniina. John Donne, Holy Sonnets Xiv. 1996. March 21 2007. .

Genetic Engineering Tutorial

Chapter 14 Genetic design Choose the best answer for each question. 1. Using this key, put the phrases in the correct order to ricochet a plasmid carrying the recombinant desoxyribonucleic acid. Key 1) use restriction enzymes 2) Use desoxyribonucleic acid ligase 3) Remove plasmid from farm bacterium 4) Introduce plasmid into new host bacterium. A. 1, 2, 3, 4C. 3, 1, 2, 4 B. 4, 3, 2,1 D. 2, 3, 1, 4 2. Which is not a dead ringer? A. a colony of identical bacterial kiosks B. identical quintuplets C. a forest of identical trees D. eggs produced by oo agentsis E. copies of a gene through PCR 3.Restriction enzymes found in bacterial cells ar ordinarily used A. during DNA replication B. to degrade the bacterial cells DNA C. to degrade viral DNA that enters the cell D. to attach pieces of DNA together 4. Recombinant DNA technology is used A. for gene therapy B. to clone a gene C. to make a particular protein D. to clone a specific piece of DNA E. all told of these are correct 5. In order for bacterial cells to express human genes, A. the recombinant DNA must not forbear introns. B. reverse transcriptase is sometimes used to make complementary DNA from an mRNA molecule.C. bacterial regulative genes must be included. D. All of these are correct. 6. The polymerase chain reaction A. utilizes RNA polymerase B. takes place in grand bioreactors C. utilizes temperature insensitive enzyme D. makes lots of nonidentical copies of DNA E. All of these are correct 7. DNA fingerprinting can be used for which of these? A. identifying human remains B. identifying infectious diseases C. finding evolutionary links between organisms D. solving crimes E. All of these are correct 8. DNA amplified by PCR and then used for fingerprinting could come from A. ny diploid or haploid cell B. only white blood cells that have been karyotyped C. only skin cells after they are dead D. only purified animal cells E. both B and D are correct 9. Which of these pairs is incorrectly matched? A. D NA ligase DNA fingerprint B. Restriction enzymes Cloning C. DNA fragments DNA fingerprinting D. DNA polymerase PCR 10. Which of these is an incorrect recital? A. bacteria secrete the biotechnology product into the medium B. plants are being engineered to have human proteins in their seeds. C. nimals are engineered to have a human protein in their milk. D. animals can be cloned, but plants and bacteria cannot. 11. Which of these is not needed in order to clone an animal? A. sperm from a donor animal B. magnetic core from an adult animal cell C. enucleated egg from a donor animal D. host female to commence the embryo E. All of these are needed 12. Because the human genome Project, we know or will know the A. date of the base pairs of our DNA B. sequence of genes along the human chromosomes C. mutations that lead to genetic disorders D.All of these are correct 13. The restriction enzyme called EcoRI has cut double stranded DNA in the following manner. The piece of foreign DNA t o be inserted has what bases from the left and from the right? 14. Which of these is a true statement? A. Plasmids can serve as vectors B. Plasmids are analog DNA found in viruses C. Plasmids can replicate in the host cell D. Both A and C are correct 15. Which of these is a benefit of having insulin produced by biotechnology? A. It is just as impressive B. It can be mass produced C. It is less expensive D. All of the above

Exam 2

BIOS102- 250Fall2012SampleSecond testing MULTIPLECHOICE. Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion. 1) Whichofthe following(a)statementsdescribesnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + ? A) IntheabsenceofNAD + ,glycolysis bungholestill billet. B) NAD+ isreducedtoNADHduringglycolysis,pyruvateoxidation,andthecitric cuttingcycle. C) NAD+ candonateelectronsforuseinoxidativephosphorylation. D) NAD+ hasmorechemicalenergythanNADH. E) NAD+ is oxidatebytheactionofhydrogenases. ) Duringglycolysis,wheneachmoleculeofglucoseiscatabolizedtotwomoleculesofpyruvate,mostofthe potentialenergycontainedinglucoseis A) storedintheNADHproduced. B) transferreddirectlytoadenosine triphosphate. C) transferredtoADP,formingadenosine triphosphate. D) retainedinthetwopyruvates. E) usedtophosphorylatefructosetoformfructose6 phosphate. 3) beginningwithonemoleculeofglucose,theenergy containingproductsofglycolysisare A) 6CO2 ,30ATP,and2pyruvate. B) 2NAD+ ,2pyruvate,and2ATP. C) 6CO2 ,2ATP, and2pyruvate. D) 2FADH2 ,2pyruvate,and4ATP. E) 2NADH,2pyruvate,and2ATP. ) Whyisglycolysisdescribedashavinganinvestment levelandapayoffphase? A) ItusesstoredATPandthenformsanet growinginATP. B) Itbothsplitsmoleculesandassemblesmolecules. C) Itusesglucoseandgene pasturespyruvate. D) Itattachesanddetachesphosphategroups. E) Itshiftsmoleculesfromcytosoltomitochondrion. 5) Theprimary constituentof atomic number 8in cubicleularrespirationisto A) combinewithlactate,formingpyruvate. B) yieldenergyintheformofATPasitispasseddowntherespiratorychain. C) actasanacceptorforelectronsandhydrogen,formingwater. D) combinewith hundred,formingCO 2 .E) catalyzethereactionsofglycolysis. 6) Inlivercells,theinnermitochondrial membranesareaboutfivetimestheareaoftheoutermitochondrial membranes. Whatpurpose essentialthisserve? A) Itincreasesthesurfaceforoxidativephosphorylation. B) Itallowsforanincreasedrateofglycolysis. C) Itincreasesthesurfaceforsubstrate levelphosphorylation. D) Itallowsthelivercelltohave fewermitochondria. E) Itallowsforanincreasedrateofthecitricacidcycle. 1 7) Intheabsenceofoxygen,yeastcellscanobtainenergybyfermentation,resultingintheproductionof A) ATP,pyruvate,andacetylCoA.B) ATP,CO2 ,andlactate. C) ATP,NADH,andpyruvate. D) ATP,pyruvate,andoxygen. E) ATP,CO2 ,and ethanol(ethylalcohol). 8) Phosphofructokinaseisanallostericenzymethatcatalyzestheconversionoffructose6 phosphatetofructose 1,6- bisphosphate,anearlystepofglycolysis. Inthe chargeofoxygen,anincreaseintheamountofATPina cellwouldbeexpectedto A) inhibittheenzymeand indeedincreasetheratesofglycolysisandthecitricacidcycle. B) activatetheenzymeandthusslowtheratesofglycolysisandthecitricacidcycle. C) inhibittheenzymeandthusslowtheratesofglycolysisandthecitricacidcycle.D) inhibittheenzymeandthusincreasetherateofglycolysisandtheconcentra tionofcitrate. E) activatetheenzymeandincreasetheratesofglycolysisandthecitricacidcycle. 9) Whichoftheeventslistedbelowoccursinthelightreactionsofphotosynthesis? A) Carbondioxide is co-ordinatedintoPGA. B) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateisproduced. C) Lightisabsorbedandfunneledtoreaction centerchlorophylla. D) ATPisphosphorylatedtoyieldADP. E) NADPHisreducedtoNADP + . 10) Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenphotosynthesisandrespiration?A) Respirationisanabolicandphotosynthesisiscatabolic. B) ATPmoleculesareproducedinphotosynthesisandusedupinrespiration. C) Photosynthesisstoresenergyincomplexorganicmolecules,whereasrespirationreleasesit. D) Photosynthesisoccursonlyinplantsandrespirationoccursonlyinanimals. E) Respirationrunsthebiochemicalpathwaysofphotosynthesisinreverse. 11) Inthylakoids,protonstravelthroughATPsynthasefromthethylakoidspacetothestroma. Therefore,the catalytic? knobs? ofATPsynthasewouldbelocated A) ontheATPmoleculesthemselves.B) builtintothecenterofthethylakoid plenteousness(granum). C) onthepigmentmoleculesofphotosystemIandphotosystemII. D) onthestromalsideofthemembrane. E) onthesidefacingthethylakoids pace. 12) WhatistheprimaryfunctionoftheCalvincycle? A) useATPtoreleasecarbondioxide B) useNADPHtoreleasecarbondioxide C) synthesize elementarysugarsfromcarbondioxide D) splitwaterandreleaseoxygen E) transportRuBPoutofthechloroplast 2 13) PhotorespirationoccurswhenrubiscoreactsRuBPwith A) 3 phosphoglycerate. B) CO 2 . C) O2 . D) glyceraldehyde3 phosphate. E) NADPH. 4) ComparedtoC 3 plants,C 4 plants A) makeafour- carboncompound,oxaloacetate,whichisthendeliveredtothecitricacidcyclein mitochondria. B) havehigherratesofphotorespiration. C) can keep backtofixCO 2 evenatrelativelylowCO2 concentrationsandhighoxygenconcentrations. D) growbetterundercool,moistconditions. E) donotuserubiscoforcarbonfixation. 15) Taxolisananticancer drugextractedfromthePacificyewtree. Inanimalcells,Taxoldisruptsmicrotubule formationbybindingtomicrotubulesandacceleratingtheirassemblyfromtheproteinprecursor,tubulin. Surprisingly,thisstopsmitosis.Specifically,Taxolmust partake A) theformationofthemitotic capitu lum. B) theSphaseofthecellcycle. C) formationofthecentrioles. D) chromatidassembly. E) anaphase. 16) MeasurementsoftheamountofDNApernucleusweretakenonalargenumberofcellsfromagrowing fungus. ThemeasuredDNAlevelsrangedfrom3to6picogramspernucleus. Inwhichstageofthecellcycle didthenucleuscontain6picogramsofDNA? A) G1 B) G0 C) M D) S E) G2 17) Whatisacleavagefurrow? A) aringofvesiclesformingacellplate B) themetaphaseplatewherechromo just aboutsattachtothespindle C) theseparationofdividedprokaryotesD) thespacethatiscreatedbetweentwochromatidsduringanaphase E) agrooveintheplasmamembranebetweendaughternuclei 18) Whichofthefollowingdescribe(s)cyclin- dependentkinase(Cdk)? A) Cdkispresentthroughoutthecellcycleandisanenzymethatattachesphosphategroupsto opposite proteins. B) Cdkisinactive,or? turnedoff,? inthepresenceofcyclin. C) Cdkisanenzymethatattachesphosphategroupstootherproteins. D) Cdkisinactive,or? turnedoff,? inthepresenceofcyclinanditispresentthroughoutthecellcycle.E) Cdkispresentthro ughoutthecellcycle. 3 19) Whydoneuronsandsomeotherspecializedcellsdivideinfrequently? A) Theyno seven-daycarryreceptorsforsignalmolecules. B) Theynolongerhaveactivenuclei. C) TheyhavebeenshuntedintoG 0 . D) TheycannolongerbindCdktocyclin. E) They argueadropinMPFconcentration. 20) Forachemotherapeuticdrugtobeusefulfortreatingcancercells,whichofthefollowingismostdesirable? A) Itonlyattackscellsthataredensitydependent. B) ItinterfereswithcellsenteringG0 . C) Itinterfereswithrapidlydividingcells.Exam 2

Commentary- Blessing by Imtiaz Dharker Essay

Imtiaz Dharkers poem describes rain as its blessing to a ironic place, as the short direct sentences in the first stanza suggests there was no hope on that convey There never is enough body of water. The line shows the desperateness of rain as it sets a negative tone to cash in ones chips the poem. However, as the poem progress, there was an increase in hope and energy, seen from the energetic and positive language such as, rush, bursts, crashes and roar.These are used to associate with the action and the liveliness brought by the rain. The poet is trying to correspond rain to a god-like blessing as it says from the title, and also from the word congregation as the word is tie in to religious. It describe rain as a god-gifted blessing to the land without hope, describing the echo of rain to the voice of a kindly god.We can see the sizeableness of water to the people from the land as water is described as precious items such as silver, fortune and liquid sun, suggesting its im portance to these people. We can see further illustration of this idea through the celebration as children celebrates and sings after creation given water. The excitement of people can also be seen from the structure of the poem, seen from the enjambment which ran from the third stanza until the fire of the poem, we can see the tone being very exciting that there wasnt a pause, contrasting with the first stanza where the short and slow lines reflects the lack of energy. The most noticeable example is every man adult female child for streets around onlyts inWe would expect commas being used between man woman child, but there isnt, showing the excitement and the hurry. The poet also cleverly uses the stanza length to reflect the amount of water and excitement, with the tertiary stanza being the pinnacle of the event, there are and it differs from the short 1st stanza which suggests The use of onomatopoeia and oxymoron also highlights the importance of water Imagine the drip of it , the small splash, echoThe poet describes a small drip of water having a echo, which is normally associated with large items, and it gives us an idea of how a small amount of water can be seen as a huge importance to these people.